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  • 301.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Häggkvist, Kenneth
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Spridningsberäkningar, SSAB - Luleå-verken1986Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Spridningsberäkningar har utförts för ett par större utsläpp, av haveri­karaktär, från en större masugnsklocka. Utsläppen avser relativt stora gasflöden (20 000 m3 respektive 50 000 m3 ) under kort tid (5 respektive 15 min) och studien har syftat till att bestämma halter av CO och H2S i omgivningen samt områden där risk för explosion kan förekomma. Nedan ges en sammanfattande redovisning av resultaten. Av tabell 1 ( sid 2) framgår hur utsläppen specificerats, och de i tabellen angivna beteckning­arna för respektive fall utnyttjas i sammanfattningen nedan.

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  • 302.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Thaning, Lennart
    FOA.
    Model for Simulation of Air and Ground Contamination Associated with Nuclear Weapons. An Emergency Preparedness Model2000Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A nuclear weapon explosion above ground can cause tremendous damage within thearea of some tens of kilometres from the explosion point due to direct damage throughthe blast wave, thermal radiation and initial nuclear radiation. Serious radiationprotection problems can also appear on very large distances, due to large amounts ofradioactive particles being transported by the winds and deposited in areas far awayfrom the explosion. Which areas to be affected are entirely determined by the characterof the explosion and the present weather situation. In such situations the possibility tosimulate and forecast in an accurate way the transport and deposition of radioactivesubstances, caused by the nuclear explosion, can be of fundamental importance in theradiation protection work. Studies of vulnerability and exercises within the civilpreparedness also demand realistic simulations. Transport and dispersion in theatmosphere over large distances (ca 200 - 4000 km) includes many complex processesand the only possibility to make a realistic description is to use a computeriseddispersion model.

    The access to measured atmospheric chemistry or radiological data, which can beutilised for the development of a dispersion model for nuclear weapon explosions, isvery limited. Therefore two in principal different models have been developed andutilised in the present study, on one hand PELLO at FOA, on the other hand MATCH atSMHI. The model comparisons have given both better understanding of the importanceof different processes and reduced the risk for severe errors in the models. The PELLOmodel is a so-called particle model (Random Displacement Model) in which a largeamount of particles, with diff erent sizes and characteristics, are emitted and traced. TheMATCH model is basically a so-called Eulerian model, where concentration of particlesand deposition are described in a high-resolution three-dimensional grid.

    A module describing the emission distribution of particle sizes at different types ofnuclear weapon explosions has been formulated and is used in both models. Themeteorological input data to both models is numerical weather analyses and forecasts.This weather information can be obtained from the European scale HIRLAM (HlghResolution Limited Area Model) weather forecast model at SMHI or from the globalmodel at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Weather Forecasts).

    The MATCH model, adjusted to simulations of explosions of nuclear weapons, is nowincluded in the 24h preparedness at SMHI where real time weather data is available.Exercises are performed for the involved staff. Results from dispersion calculations canin real time be transmitted to a homepage on Internet with restricted access only forinvolved Swedish authorities. Besides, both dispersion models can be utilised assimulation tools at FOA and SMHI to produce the basis for different types of exercisesand studies.

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  • 303.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rodhe, H.
    MISU.
    De Geer, L-E
    FOA.
    The Chernobyl accident – A meteorological analysis of how radionucleides reached Sweden1986Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The atmospheric transport to Sweden and the deposition there of radioactive material following the Chernobyl accident have been described on the basis of radiological and meteorological data and theoretical calculations of despersion. The radioactive cloud created by the explosion at 01. 23 local time on 26 April 1986 was transported north- west and north over the Baltic Sea. An extensive long-distance transport of radionuclides to Scandinavia and Finland took place. Sweden was affected by dry deposition, including fairly large hot particles and also by wet deposition. Wet deposition occurred in connection with precipitation over eastern Sweden on 28 April, which further affected parts of northern Sweden until 30 April. Deposition of caesium mainly occurred through wet deposition. In the case of certain other radionuclides, including 95Zr and 239 Np, a considerable part of the deposition occurred in the form of dry deposition. The study has attempted to estimate the probabil ity of Sweden being affected to a similar extent following a major nuclear accident outside the country's borders.

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  • 304.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    RODHE, H
    DE GEER, LE
    THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT - A METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HOW RADIONUCLIDES REACHED AND WERE DEPOSITED IN SWEDEN1987In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 16, no 1, p. 20-31Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 305.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rodhe, H.
    MISU.
    De Geer, L-E.
    FOA.
    Tjernobylolyckan - En meteorologisk analys av hur radioaktivitet spreds till Sverige1986Report (Other academic)
  • 306.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ullerstig, Anders
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Model calculations of dispersion of lindane over Europe: Pilot study with comparisons to easurements around the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat1996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A pilot project is presented, where the dispersion model MATCH is tested for studies of dispersion and deposition of lindane (y-HCH) over Europe. Comparisons between rough model calculations and long-term measurements at stations around the Baltic Sea indicate a positive correlation both for concentration in air and for wet deposition, but the model results are a factor of 3-10 larger than the measurements. The MATCH model simulations seem to agree better with observations from the Swedish West-coast and North Sea areas. Since the model calculations in this pilot project are performed in a very simplified way we cannot exclude that uncertainties in our calculations can cause the detected differences. However, we think that also emission data, especially for Sweden and Finland, and the respresentativity of measurements should be investigated further in a future study.

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  • 307.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ullerstig, Anders
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Regional luftmiljöanalys för Västmanlands län baserad på MATCH modell-beräkningar och mätdata: Analys av 1994 års data1997Report (Other academic)
  • 308.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ullerstig, Anders
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Kindbom, Karin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sjöberg, Karin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    The Swedish Precipitation Chemistry Network: Studies in network design usting the MATCH modelling system and statistical methods1996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study the Swedish Precipitation Chemistry Network has been examined thoroughly, including investigations into the representativeness of stations as well as into possibilities of time trend analysis. A suggestion of a new optimized network design is given.

    Using the MATCH modelling system, which has been developed as a tool for air pollution assessment studies, it has been possible to evaluate different hypothetical precipitation chemistry networks over Sweden. There is a clear indication from the different model experiments, focused on sulphur and nitrogen, that a proposed future reduction of the number of Swedish precipitation chemistry stations by about one third only has a small effect on the obtained annual and monthly wet deposition pattern over Sweden. Long-term changes in wet deposition can still be followed using this less dense station network. Comparisons with independent measurements indicate that errors in the MATCH system estirnates for sulphur and nitrogen are of the same size as for parallel measurements as long as the MATCH system has a sufficient number of high quality precipitation chernistry stations available for the region.

    A study of former results on wet deposition, using multivariate analysis, has clearly indicated that the base-cation deposition exhibits larger local variations than is the case for sulphur and nitrogen. Modelling of base-cation deposition is however not included in this study. The suggested reduction of the precipitation network is thus characterized by some caution, partly due to the base-cation deposition not being thoroughly investigated. Care has been taken not to diminish future possibilities in mapping base-cation deposition over Sweden.

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  • 309.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Beräkningar av svaveldepositionen i Stockholmsområdet1986Report (Other academic)
  • 310.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Luftvårdsstudie avseende industrikombinatet i Nynäshamn - depositionsberäkningar av koldamm1985Report (Other academic)
  • 311.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar för avfalls- förbränningsanläggningar i Sofielund och Högdalen1985Report (Other academic)
  • 312.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar för avfallsförbränningsanläggning i Högdalen1985Report (Other academic)
  • 313.
    Persson, Christer
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar för avfallsförbränningsanläggning i Sofielund1985Report (Other academic)
  • 314.
    Persson, Gunn
    et al.
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Wikberger, Christina
    Amorim, Jorge Humberto
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Klimatanpassa nordiska städer med grön infrastruktur2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Förtätning av städer och pågående klimatförändring ökar behovet av anpassningsåtgärder. Grön infrastruktur och naturbaserade lösningar kan bidra till att skapa mer hälsosamma och långsiktigt hållbara städer. För att öka användningen av grön infrastruktur som en del i klimatanpassningen behöver vi förstå vilka kunskapsluckor och andra hinder som ligger i vägen för att grön infrastruktur ska användas i klimatanpassningsarbetet.

    SMHI har under år 2018 tillsammans med Stockholms stad drivit det av forskningsrådet Formas finansierade projektet ”Grön infrastruktur och klimat i nordiska städer: idag och i framtiden”. Sammanställningen av rapporter och workshops i projektet visar att det finns mycket kunskap och tillgängliga exempel på hur urbana gröna lösningar kan se ut. Det saknas dock svar på de kvantitativa effekterna av olika åtgärder avseende till exempel temperatur, luftkvalitet, påverkan på hälsa och sociala aspekter.

    De åtgärder som i dag görs i nordiska städer baseras huvudsakligen på behovet av att lösa dagvattenfrågor. Det finns få exempel på städer som använder grön infrastruktur och naturbaserade lösningar som klimatanpassningsåtgärder när det gäller värme. Samtidigt är aktörerna medvetna om övriga positiva effekter som tillkommer såsom trivsel, svalka och biologisk mångfald.

    Eftersom grön infrastruktur och naturbaserade lösningar är ganska nya åtgärder i klimatanpassningsarbetet så saknas oftast erfarenheter av långtidseffekter. Skötsel kan vara ett problem, trots bra anvisningar. Aktörerna pekar också på behovet av att engagera de boende kontinuerligt. Det tycks handla om att skapa en djupare förståelse för varför anläggningar ser ut som de gör och hur de ska skötas.

    Vid workshops och webbinarium efterfrågades vilka kunskapsluckor deltagarna såg. Ekonomi och kunskap om effekter lyftes fram tydligt i svaren. Dessutom önskades metoder för anläggning och drift, goda exempel, planeringsverktyg och underlag om temperatur och vatten.

    Ekonomi och kunskapsbrist ansågs som hinder för genomförande, vilket framkom vid workshops och webbinarium. Andra hinder som nämndes var politiska beslut, lagstiftning, avsaknad av riktlinjer, förtätning och konkurrens om mark liksom planerings- och samordningssvårigheter. En tröghet i att ändra traditionellt planerande och utförande pekades också ut som hinder. Många efterfrågar kunskap allmänt. Vår förhoppning är att denna rapport kan bidra till att inspirera och informera om var material finns. 

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  • 315. Persson, K
    et al.
    Omstedt, Gunnar
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Lenner, M
    Sjodin, A
    Svanberg, P A
    Estimation of trends in urban traffic NOx emissions by an empirical model1999In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 235, no 1-3, p. 367-369Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A model has been developed to estimate trends in urban traffic NOx emissions by measured NO2 concentrations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 316.
    Photiadou, Christiana
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bosshard, Thomas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Capell, Réne
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Elenius, Maria
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Gallo, Ilaria
    Gyllensvärd, Frida
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Klehmet, Katharina
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Little, Lorna
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Ribeiro, Isabel
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Santos, Léonard
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Sjökvist, Elin
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Designing a Climate Service for Planning Climate Actions in Vulnerable Countries2021In: Atmosphere, ISSN 2073-4433, E-ISSN 2073-4433, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 121Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 317.
    Photiadou, Christiana
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bosshard, Thomas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Capell, Réne
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Elenius, Maria
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Klehmet, Katharina
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Ribeiro, Isabel
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Sjökvist, Elin
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Gyllensvärd, Frida
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Little, Lorna
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Santos, Léonard
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Planning Climate Actions in Vulnerable Countries2021In: article id 10.3390/atmos12010121Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The next generation of climate services needs not only tailoring to specific user needs but to provide, in addition, access to key information in a usable way that satisfies the needs of different users’ profiles; especially web-based services. Here, we present the outcomes from developing such a new interactive prototype. The service provides data for robust climate analysis to underpin decision-making when planning measures to compensate for climate impact. The goal is to facilitate the communication on climate information between climate modelling communities and adaptation or mitigation initiatives from vulnerable countries that are applying for funds from the Green Climate Fund (GCF). A participatory process was ensured during four workshops in four pilot countries, with an audience of national and international experts. During this process it was made clear that in all countries there is a strong need for knowledge in climate science, while in most countries there was also an increasing need of capacity in hydrological modelling and water management. The active interaction during the workshops was found necessary to facilitate the dialogue between service developers and users. Understanding the users, transparency on potentials and limitations of climate services together with capacity development in climate science and methods were required components in the development of the service.

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    Designing a Climate Service for Planning Climate Actions in Vulnerable Countries
  • 318. Pleijel, Hakan
    et al.
    Klingberg, Jenny
    Karlsson, Gunilla Pihl
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Karlsson, Per Erik
    Surface Ozone in the Marine Environment-Horizontal Ozone Concentration Gradients in Coastal Areas2013In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 224, no 7, article id 1603Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spring/summer surface ozone concentrations, [O-3], in coastal environments were investigated: (1) by comparison of coastal and inland monitoring stations with data from a small island >5 km off the coast of southwest Sweden, (2) as a gradient from the coast towards inland in southernmost Sweden. Further, results from the chemical transport model MATCH were used to assess the marine influence on [O-3]. It was hypothesised that [O-3] is higher on the small island compared to the coast, especially during night and in offshore wind. Another hypothesis was that [O-3] declines from the coast towards inland. Our hypotheses were based on observations that the deposition velocity of O-3 to sea surfaces is lower than to terrestrial surfaces, and that vertical air mixing is stronger in the marine environment, especially during night. The island experienced 10 % higher [O-3] compared to the coast. This difference was larger with offshore (15 %) than onshore wind (9 %). The concentration difference between island and coast was larger during night, but prevailed during day and could not be explained by differences in [NO2] between the sites. The difference in [O-3] between the island and the inland site was 20 %. Higher [O-3] over the sea, especially during night, was reproduced by MATCH. In the gradient study, [O-3] declined from the coast towards inland. Both [O-3] and [NO2] were elevated at the coast, indicating that the gradient in [O-3] from the coast was not caused by NO titration. The conclusions were that surface [O-3] in marine environments is higher than in coastal, and higher in coastal than inland areas, especially during night.

  • 319. Plu, Matthieu
    et al.
    Scherllin-Pirscher, Barbara
    Arnold Arias, Delia
    Baro, Rocio
    Bigeard, Guillaume
    Bugliaro, Luca
    Carvalho, Ana Cristina
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    El Amraoui, Laaziz
    Eschbacher, Kurt
    Hirtl, Marcus
    Maurer, Christian
    Mulder, Marie D.
    Piontek, Dennis
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rokitansky, Carl-Herbert
    Zobl, Fritz
    Zopp, Raimund
    An ensemble of state-of-the-art ash dispersion models: towards probabilistic forecasts to increase the resilience of air traffic against volcanic eruptions2021In: Natural hazards and earth system sciences, ISSN 1561-8633, E-ISSN 1684-9981, Vol. 21, no 10, p. 2973-2992Article in journal (Refereed)
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    An ensemble of state-of-the-art ash dispersion models: towards probabilistic forecasts to increase the resilience of air traffic against volcanic eruptions
  • 320. Politis, K
    et al.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bayesian updating of atmospheric dispersion after a nuclear accident2004In: The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C: Applied Statistics, ISSN 0035-9254, E-ISSN 1467-9876, Vol. 53, p. 583-600Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider a Bayesian forecasting. system to predict the dispersal of contamination on a large scale grid in the event of an accidental release of radioactivity. The statistical model is built on a physical model for atmospheric dispersion and transport called MATCH. Our spatiotemporal model is a dynamic linear model where the state parameters are the (essentially, deterministic) predictions of MATCH; the distributions of these are updated sequentially in the light of monitoring data. One of the distinguishing features of the model is that the number of these parameters is very large (typically several hundreds of thousands) and we discuss practical issues arising in its implementation as a realtime model. Our procedures have been checked against a variational approach which is used widely in the atmospheric sciences. The results of the model are applied to test data from a tracer experiment.

  • 321. Potempski, S.
    et al.
    Galmarini, S.
    Addis, R.
    Astrup, P.
    Bader, S.
    Bellasio, R.
    Bianconi, R.
    Bonnardot, F.
    Buckley, R.
    D'Amours, R.
    van Dijk, A.
    Geertsema, G.
    Jones, A.
    Kaufmann, P.
    Pechinger, U.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Polreich, E.
    Prodanova, M.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Sorensen, J.
    Syrakov, D.
    Multi-model ensemble analysis of the ETEX-2 experiment2008In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 42, no 31, p. 7250-7265Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we investigate the results of multi-model simulations performed on the ETEX-2 experiment by the ENSEMBLE modelling community. New sets of results were created by taking different percentiles of the distribution of the models' predicted values. Both single models and the new constructed sets of results have been compared with the observed data. While a similar comparison for the ETEX-1 case indicated the median model was superior to any single model, for the ETEX-2 case, the situation is more difficult due to complex meteorological conditions, and no absolute and clear conclusions can be obtained. However, for emergency response purposes the median model still can be considered the most viable option also for complicated meteorological situation such is the ETEX-2 experiment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 322. Raisanen, P.
    et al.
    Haapanala, P.
    Chung, C. E.
    Kahnert, Michael
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Makkonen, R.
    Tonttila, J.
    Nousiainen, T.
    Impact of dust particle non-sphericity on climate simulations2013In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, ISSN 0035-9009, E-ISSN 1477-870X, Vol. 139, no 677, p. 2222-2232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although mineral aerosol (dust) particles are irregular in shape, they are treated as homogeneous spheres in climate model radiative transfer calculations. Here, we test the effect of dust particle non-sphericity in the ECHAM5.5-HAM2 global aerosol-climate model. The short-wave optical properties of the two insoluble dust modes in HAM2 are modelled using an ensemble of spheroids that has been optimized to reproduce the optical properties of dust-like aerosols, thereby providing a significant improvement over spheres. First, the direct radiative effects (DRE) of dust non-sphericity were evaluated diagnostically, by comparing spheroids with both volume-equivalent and volume-to-area (V/A) equivalent spheres. In the volume-equivalent case, the short-wave DRE of insoluble dust at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) was slightly smaller (typically by 3-4%) for spheroidal than for spherical dust particles. This rather small difference stems from compensating non-sphericity effects on the dust optical thickness and asymmetry parameter. In the V/A-equivalent case, the difference in optical thickness was virtually eliminated and the DRE at the TOA (surface) was approximate to 20% (approximate to 13%) smaller for spheroids than for spheres, due to a larger asymmetry parameter. Even then, however, the global-mean DRE of non-sphericity was only 0.055 W m(-2) at the TOA and 0.070 W m(-2) at the surface. Subsequently, the effects of dust non-sphericity were tested interactively in simulations in which ECHAM5.5-HAM2 was coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model. Consistent with the rather small radiative effects noted above, the climatic differences from simulations with spherical dust optics were generally negligible.

  • 323. Reckermann, Marcus
    et al.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Omstedt, Anders
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    von Storch, Hans
    Keevallik, Sirje
    Schneider, Bernd
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Meier, Markus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Huenicke, Birgit
    BALTEX-an interdisciplinary research network for the Baltic Sea region2011In: Environmental Research Letters, E-ISSN 1748-9326, Vol. 6, no 4, article id 045205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BALTEX is an environmental research network dealing with the Earth system of the entire Baltic Sea drainage basin. Important elements include the water and energy cycle, climate variability and change, water management and extreme events, and related impacts on biogeochemical cycles. BALTEX was founded in 1993 as a GEWEX continental-scale experiment and is currently in its second 10 yr phase. Phase I (1993-2002) was primarily dedicated to hydrological, meteorological and oceanographic processes in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, hence mostly dealt with the physical aspects of the system. Scientific focus was on the hydrological cycle and the exchange of energy between the atmosphere, the Baltic Sea and the surface of its catchment. The BALTEX study area was hydrologically defined as the Baltic Sea drainage basin. The second 10 yr phase of BALTEX (Phase II: 2003-12) has strengthened regional climate research, water management issues, biogeochemical cycles and overarching efforts to reach out to stakeholders and decision makers, as well as to foster communication and education. Achievements of BALTEX Phase II have been the establishment of an assessment report of regional climate change and its impacts on the Baltic Sea basin (from hydrological to biological and socio-economic), the further development of regional physical climate models and the integration of biogeochemical and ecosystem models. BALTEX features a strong infrastructure, with an international secretariat and a publication series, and organizes various workshops and conferences. This article gives an overview of the BALTEX programme, with an emphasis on Phase II, with some examples from BALTEX-related research.

  • 324.
    Ribeiro, Isabel
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Martilli, A.
    Falls, M.
    Zonato, A.
    Villalba, G.
    Highly resolved WRF-BEP/BEM simulations over Barcelona urban area with LCZ2021In: Atmospheric research, ISSN 0169-8095, E-ISSN 1873-2895, Vol. 248, article id 105220Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 325.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Extended back-trajectories by means of adjoint equations2004Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Back-trajectory models are examples of the most simple adjoint models used for tracing of important source regions attributed to measured tracers. These models do, however, suffer from oversimplification of the transport-diffusion processes in the atmosphere. By utilizing adjoint equations in a 3D transport-diffusion model several advantages could be achieved, all transport mechanisms are included and the response at receptor points could more properly mimic the sampled time-period of the measurements. In this paper the concept of adjoint equations is described, the similarity between back-trajectories and the adjoint technique is demonstrated, and options of using the ad joint technique for guidance of emission sources are explored. To illustrate the possibilities four different events are examined, the Chernobyl accident, the ETEX I exercise, the Algeciras accident and an event with heavy smoke noticed in Scandinavia. Finally, a suggestion for an operational setup is discussed.

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  • 326.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Koncentrations- och depositionsberäkningar för en sopförbrännings anläggning vid Ryaverken i Borås1986Report (Other academic)
  • 327.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Koncentrations- och depositionsberäkningar för Halmstads avfallsförbränningsanläggning vid Kristinehed1986Report (Other academic)
  • 328.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Modelling of anthropogenic sulfur deposition to the African and South American continents1996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Acidification problems in developing countries are expected to become more prevalent in the coming decades. Assessments of means of abatement strategies are likely to become of vital interest. This paper presents some preliminary results of modelling of acidic deposition due to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur in Africa and South America, using emission data for 1987. The calculations indicate that the anthropogenic perturbation of the sulfur deposition exceeds 100 mg S m-2yr-1 for southern Africa, areas around the Red Sea, Caribbean Islands, northernmost South America, central Andes, and the eastern parts of Brazil and Argentina. Substantial areas around the major source regions receive more than 250 mg S m-2yr-1. Even higher values are calculated for areas surrounding large cities as Carracas, Lima, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Pretoria and around the borderline between Zaire and Zambia.

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  • 329.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Spridningsberäkningar för Varbergs kommun: Bestämning av halter av SO2, CO, NOx samt några kolväten1987Report (Other academic)
  • 330.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Spridningsberäkningar rörande gasutsläpp vid ScanDust i Landskrona – bestämning av cyanvätehalter1986Report (Other academic)
  • 331.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Spridningsberäkningar rörande utsläpp av NOx inom Fagersta kommun1986Report (Other academic)
  • 332.
    Robertson, Lennart
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Source function estimate by means of variational data assimilation applied to the ETEX-I tracer experiment1998In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 32, no 24, p. 4219-4225Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ETEX data set opens new possibilities to develop data assimilation procedures in the area of long-range transport. This paper illustrates the possibilities using a variational approach, where the source term for ETEX-I was reconstructed. The MATCH model (Robertson et at., 1996) has been the basis for this attempt. The timing of the derived emission rates are in accordance with the time period for the ETEX-I release, and a cross validation, with observations beyond the selected assimilation period, shows that the source term gained holds for the entire ETEX-I experiment. A poor-man variational approach was shown to perform nearly as good as a fully variational data assimilation. The issue of quality control has not been considered in this attempt but will be an important part that has to be addressed in future work. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 333.
    Robertson, Lennart
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    An Eulerian limited-area atmospheric transport model1999In: Journal of applied meteorology (1988), ISSN 0894-8763, E-ISSN 1520-0450, Vol. 38, no 2, p. 190-210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A limited-area, offline, Eulerian atmospheric transport model has been developed. The model is based on a terrain-following vertical coordinate and a mass-conserving, positive definite advection scheme with small phase and amplitude errors. The objective has been to develop a flexible, all purpose offline model. The model includes modules for emission input, vertical turbulent diffusion, and deposition processes. The model can handle an arbitrary number of chemical components and provides a framework for inclusion of modules describing physical and chemical transformation processes between different components. Idealized test cases, as well as simulations of the atmospheric distribution of Rn-222, demonstrate the ability of the model to meet the requirements of mass conservation and positiveness and to produce realistic simulations of a simple atmospheric tracer.

  • 334.
    Robertson, Lennart
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    MATCH - Meso-scale Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry modelling system: Basic transport mode/ description and control experiments with 222Rn1996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A limited area, off-line, Eulerian atmospheric transport model has been developed. The model is based on a terrain following vertical coordinate and a mass conserving, positive definite advection scheme, with small phase and amplitude errors. The objective has been to develop a flexible, all purpose off- line model. The model includes modules for emission input, vertical turbulent diffusion and deposition processes. The model can handle an arbitrary number of chemical components and provides a framework for inclusion of modules describing physical and chemical transformation processes between different components. Idealized test cases as well as simulation of the atmospheric distribution of 222Rn demonstrates the ability of the model to meet the requirements of mass conservation and positiveness and to produce realistic simulations of a simple atmospheric tracer.

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  • 335.
    Robertson, Lennart
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    ATTEMPTS TO APPLY 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION OF RADIOLOGICAL DATA USING THE ADJOINT TECHNIQUE1993In: Radiation Protection Dosimetry, ISSN 0144-8420, E-ISSN 1742-3406, Vol. 50, no 2-4, p. 333-337Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A data assimilation procedure is presented. By feeding measurements into a dispersion model. using the adjoint technique, it is shown that the proper transport level as well as the source intensity can he found. The technique is tested on a fictitious accidental release. and thus fictitious measurements are used.

  • 336.
    Robertson, Lennart
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ring, Sture
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Spridningsberäkningar för bromcyan2009Report (Other academic)
  • 337.
    Robertson, Lennart
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rodhe, H
    Granat, L
    Modelling of sulfur deposition in the southern Asian region1995In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 85, no 4, p. 2337-2343Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Acidification problems in developing countries are expected to become more prevalent in the coming decades. Assessments of means of abatement strategies are likely to become of vital interest. This paper presents some preliminary results of modelling of acidic deposition due to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur in the Southern Asian region. It is concluded that the study has some shortcomings, that has to be addressed in future work, such as lack of treatment of deep convection and that deposition and transformation rates used are not adapted to the tropics. Only very limited validation has been possible due to the lack of relevant measurements. Wet deposition data from rural Thailand are in fair agreement with calculated values. The study is one part of a larger project encompassing mapping ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition, wet chemistry measurements and atmospheric transfer modelling.

  • 338. Rodhe, H
    et al.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Gallardo, L
    Kjellström, Erik
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Global scale transport of acidifying pollutants1995In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 85, no 1, p. 37-50Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the past few years several attempts have been made to use three-dimensional tracer transport models to simulate the global distribution of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from both natural and anthropogenic sources. We review these studies and show examples of estimated distributions of the total deposition of sulfur, oxidized nitrogen and ammonium as well as the pH of precipitation. The simulated patterns are compared with observations. Weaknesses in these estimates resulting from lack of knowledge of emissions, chemical transformations and removal processes are emphasized and discussed. We also show examples of how the models can be used to estimate past and future deposition patterns. In particular, we use the IPCC scenario IS92a to estimate the possible sulfur deposition around the world in the year 2050. A comparison with critical load values for sulfur deposition indicates that substantial parts of South and East Asia are at risk for acidification problems in the future.

  • 339. Roswall, Nina
    et al.
    Pyko, Andrei
    Ogren, Mikael
    Oudin, Anna
    Rosengren, Annika
    Lager, Anton
    Poulsen, Aslak H.
    Eriksson, Charlotta
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rizzuto, Debora
    Andersson, Eva M.
    Aasvang, Gunn Marit
    Engstrom, Gunnar
    Jorgensen, Jeanette T.
    Selander, Jenny
    Christensen, Jesper H.
    Thacher, Jesse
    Leander, Karin
    Overvad, Kim
    Eneroth, Kristina
    Mattisson, Kristoffer
    Barregard, Lars
    Stockfelt, Leo
    Albin, Maria
    Ketzel, Matthias
    Simonsen, Mette K.
    Spanne, Marten
    Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole
    Magnusson, Patrik K. E.
    Tiittanen, Pekka
    Molnar, Peter
    Ljungman, Petter
    Lanki, Timo
    Lim, Youn-Hee
    Andersen, Zorana J.
    Pershagen, Goran
    Sorensen, Mette
    Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise and Risk of Incident Stroke: A Pooled Study of Nine Scandinavian Cohorts2021In: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives, ISSN 0091-6765, E-ISSN 1552-9924, Vol. 129, no 10, article id 107002Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise and Risk of Incident Stroke: A Pooled Study of Nine Scandinavian Cohorts
  • 340.
    Rummukainen, Markku
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Johansson, Daniel J.A.
    Institutionen för energi och miljö, avdelningen för fysisk resursteori, Chalmers.
    Azar, Christian
    Institutionen för energi och miljö, avdelningen för fysisk resursteori, Chalmers.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Doescher, Ralf
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Smith, Henrik
    Centrum för miljö och klimatforskning, Lunds universitet.
    Uppdatering av den vetenskapliga grunden för klimatarbetet2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det naturvetenskapliga kunskapsläget om klimatförändringarna förbättrats ständigt genom forskningen om klimatsystemet, klimatpåverkan, klimatets variationer och förändringar samt klimateffekter. Kunskapsläget är väletablerat när det gäller den grundläggande fysiken bakom växthuseffekten, liksom att genomsnittstemperaturen vid jordytan stigit de senaste femtio åren. Det är också mycket sannolikt att det mesta av den observerade uppvärmningen beror på mänsklig klimatpåverkan. Samtidigt finns det betydande osäkerheter när det gäller konsekvenserna av klimatförändringarna samt hur mycket utsläppen behöver minska för att man ska nå ett givet klimatmål. Värdet på klimatkänsligheten är den viktigaste faktorn för beräkningar av hur mycket växthusgaser vi kan släppa ut, givet ett visst temperaturmål. Forskningen visar att det behövs stora och snabba utsläppsminskningar för att uppnå tvågradersmålet. För att nå ett lägre temperaturmål, till exempel ett 1,5-gradersmål, är de nödvändiga utsläppsminskningarna än mer omfattande.  För att nå tvågradersmålet med en sannolikhet runt 70 % krävs uppskattningsvis att de globala växthusgasutsläppen minskar i storleksordningen 50‒60 % från år 2000 till 2050, och minskar med nära 100 % till 2100.  För att nå ett 1,5-gradersmål med en sannolikhet runt 70 % krävs globala nollutsläpp redan runt år 2050.  För att nå ett 1,5-gradersmål med en sannolikhet runt 50 % krävs uppskattningsvis att de globala växthusgasutsläppen minskar i storleksordningen 80 % från år 2000 till 2050, och med nära 100 % till 2100. Det är framför allt de kumulativa utsläppen av koldioxid och andra långlivade växthusgaser som räknas när det gäller hur stora klimatförändringarna blir bortom 2100. Ju senare de globala utsläppen kulminerar, och ju högre nivå de då är på, desto större blir utmaningen för att åstadkomma en tillräckligt snabb påföljande utsläppsminskningstakt. Reducerade utsläpp av kortlivade klimatpåverkande ämnen är viktigt främst i ett kortare perspektiv. Det finns olika modeller för hur de globala utsläppsminskningarna kan fördelas mellan olika regioner och länder. Dessa baseras inte på naturvetenskapliga principer utan är beroende av politiska och andra ställningstaganden. För en del länder skiljer sig resultaten mycket beroende på valet av fördelningsmodell. För de flesta industriländer är slutsatsen dock generellt sett densamma: jämfört med idag behöver deras utsläpp minska mycket kraftigt.  För att nå tvågradersmålet med i storleksordningen 70 % sannolikhet krävs, givet en globalt lika per capita fördelning av utsläppen från och med 2050, att utsläppen i Sverige minskar med cirka 70 % från år 2005 till 2050. Den motsvarande siffran för EU är cirka 80 %.  För att nå ett 1,5-gradersmål med i storleksordningen 70 % sannolikhet krävs, givet en globalt lika per capita fördelning av utsläppen från och med 2050, att utsläppen minskar från år 2005 till år 2050 med runt 100 % i Sverige och i EU, och i andra länder.  För att nå ett 1,5-gradersmål med i storleksordningen 50 % sannolikhet krävs, givet en globalt lika per capita fördelning av utsläppen från och med 2050, att utsläppen i Sverige och EU minskar med drygt 90 % från år 2005 till 2050. Nettoutsläpp av koldioxid från avskogning och utrikes luft- och sjöfart ingår inte i dessa uppskattningar. Generellt blir riskerna för allvarliga klimateffekter mindre ju mer ambitiöst temperaturmål som väljs, men riskerna försvinner inte med tvågradersmålet, och inte ens med ett 1,5-gradersmål. Jämfört med IPCC:s AR4 från 2007, har nya forskningsresultat publicerats om klimateffekter. I denna rapport har vi fokuserat på havsnivåhöjningen, havsförsurningen, den biologiska mångfalden samt klimateffekter i Arktis. Jämfört med genomgången av kunskapsläget i AR4 visar nya resultat att den framtida havsnivåhöjningen kan bli större, havsförsurningens effekter på marina ekosystem omfattande och även om en del arter kan vara anpassningsbara, kan världens ekosystem påverkas av skillnader i olika arters sårbarhet för klimatförändringarna. I Arktis sker snabba förändringar. Sammantaget ter sig riskerna för allvarliga klimateffekter större jämfört med AR4. Denna rapport utgår från naturvetenskaplig klimatforskning sedan 2007. Rapporten förordar inte något specifikt temperaturmål, någon specifik utsläppsbana eller specifika policybeslut. Dessa är föremål för politiska avgöranden.

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  • 341. Saaroni, H.
    et al.
    Amorim, Jorge Humberto
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Hiemstra, J. A.
    Pearlmutter, D.
    Urban Green Infrastructure as a tool for urban heat mitigation: Survey of research methodologies and findings across different climatic regions2018In: Urban Climate, E-ISSN 2212-0955, Vol. 24, p. 94-110Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 342. Samson, Roeland
    et al.
    Moretti, Marco
    Amorim, Jorge Humberto
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Branquinho, Cristina
    Fares, Silvano
    Morelli, Federico
    Niinemets, Ülo
    Paolett, Elena
    Pinho, Pedro
    Sgrigna, Gregorio
    Stojanovski, Vladimir
    Tiwary, Abhishek
    Sicard, Pierre
    Calfapietra, Carlo
    Towards an integrative approach to evaluate the environmental ecosystem services provided by urban forest2019In: Journal of Forestry Research, ISSN 1007-662X, E-ISSN 1993-0607, p. 1-16Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 343. Sand, M.
    et al.
    Berntsen, T. K.
    von Salzen, K.
    Flanner, M. G.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Victor, D. G.
    Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers2016In: Nature Climate Change, ISSN 1758-678X, E-ISSN 1758-6798, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 286-+Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is growing scientific(1,2) and political(3,4) interest in the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic emissions on the Arctic. Over recent decades temperatures in the Arctic have increased at twice the global rate, largely as a result of ice-albedo and temperature feedbacks(5-8). Although deep cuts in global CO2 emissions are required to slow this warming, there is also growing interest in the potential for reducing short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs; refs 9,10). Politically, action on SLCFs may be particularly promising because the benefits of mitigation are seen more quickly than for mitigation of CO2 and there are large co-benefits in terms of improved air quality(11). This Letter is one of the first to systematically quantify the Arctic climate impact of regional SLCFs emissions, taking into account black carbon (BC), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), organic carbon (OC) and tropospheric ozone (O-3), and their transport processes and transformations in the atmosphere. This study extends the scope of previous works(2,12) by including more detailed calculations of Arctic radiative forcing and quantifying the Arctic temperature response. We find that the largest Arctic warming source is from emissions within the Asian nations owing to the large absolute amount of emissions. However, the Arctic is most sensitive, per unit mass emitted, to SLCFs emissions from a small number of activities within the Arctic nations themselves. Astringent, but technically feasible mitigation scenario for SLCFs, phased in from 2015 to 2030, could cut warming by 0.2 (+/- 0.17) K in 2050.

  • 344. Schmidt, Karsten
    et al.
    Yurkin, Maxim A.
    Kahnert, Michael
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    A case study on the reciprocity in light scattering computations2012In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 20, no 21, p. 23253-23274Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The fulfillment of the reciprocity by five publicly available scattering programs is investigated for a number of different particles. Reciprocity means that the source and the observation point of a given scattering configuration can be interchanged without changing the result. The programs under consideration are either implementations of T-matrix methods or of the discrete dipole approximation. Similarities and differences concerning their reciprocity behavior are discussed. In particular, it is investigated whether and under which conditions reciprocity tests can be used to evaluate the scattering results obtained by the different programs for the given particles. (c) 2012 Optical Society of America

  • 345.
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    A dynamic model for shipping emissions: Adaptation of Airviro and application in the Baltic Sea2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In many countries, shipping is an important contributor to emissions of air pollutants. For sulphur, shipping is nowadays often considered the most important source of emissions. Shipping also emits significant amounts of nitric oxides, particles and volatile organic compounds. From a climate change perspective, shipping is an important source of green house gases, and also contributes significantly to emissions of short lived climate pollutants, such as soot. Emissions to air from shipping have impact on air quality, climate change and acidification. To understand the impact of shipping emissions on the environment, human health and the climate, it is necessary to quantify, map and describe the emissions. Due to lack of data and knowledge, estimates of emissions from shipping have always been very uncertain. One reason to the uncertainties has been difficulties to locate the large number of ships travelling at sea, another reason has been uncertainties regarding emission factors. Since year 2007 AIS (Automatic Identification System) has been a standard for positioning and identification of ships at sea. AIS is complementary to radar and describes location, speed and identity of ships with high precision. This development creates new possibilities to improve information regarding emissions. A system that makes use of data from AIS to estimate emissions from shipping has been developed. The system allows emissions to be calculated for shipping based on the latest knowledge regarding emission factors and makes use of ship specific data as far as possible. The general motivation is to improve the quality of estimations of emissions of air pollutants, green house gases and SLCP (Short Lived Climate Pollutants) as well as to provide a flexible tool to be used for related questions. The system is an integrated part of the Air Quality Management system Airviro. The developed system has been applied for the Baltic Sea. This application of the system is called Shipair. Shipair contains AIS information for the whole Baltic Sea, and the North Sea up to the southern coast of Norway. The AIS information comes from the international AIS database operated by HELCOM. Besides AIS, the Shipair application also makes use of a web service operated by Swedish Maritime Administration to acquire and estimate ship specific parameters needed for emission calculations. The Shipair application of Airviro has been validated by comparing calculated and measured fuel consumption for a small number of ships. The differences between measured and calculated fuel consumption are below 10 % for the individual ships, which is considered well within what could be expected. Comparisons have also been made with results from other ship emission inventories. The results are similar to those of the STEAM2 model published by FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute), which are based on a similar methodology. Emissions used by from EMEP (Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) on the other hand can be seen to give significantly higher emissions than both Shipair and STEAM2. Finally, indirect verification has been made by comparing results from dispersion models with concentrations measured in ambient air. Due to a large number of other emission sources that dominate the concentrations in ambient air, these results can confirm that the Shipair calculations are reasonable, but does not provide any closer evaluation of the quality of the results. To investigate if estimates based on fuel statistics, currently used in international reporting of Swedish shipping emissions, are reasonable, a comparison has also been made with estimations based on national fuel statistics. The results indicate that estimations based on the fuel statistics could be underestimating the emissions of CO2 from domestic shipping with approximately 50 %.

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  • 346.
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Numerical Quantification of Driving Rain on Buildings2003Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Rain, which is given a horizontal velocity component by the influence of wind, is termed winddriven or driving rain. Driving rain is one of the main sources to the amount of moisture a building is exposed to, and thereby contributes to the processes deteriorating the building envelope. Examples of damages to the building envelope that the onslaught of driving rain directly or indirectly can contribute to are: cracks caused by the freezing of water absorbed in the facade, mould or rot, corrosion of concrete reinforcements and soiling patterns. Knowledge about the exposure of a building to driving rain is needed in order to minimise the deteriorating processes, and thus contributes to ensure a satisfactory performance of the building design.

    This work is meant as an introduction to the field of numerical quantification of driving rain on buildings. Focus is set on three-dimensional simulation of the wind flow and raindrop trajectories using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). lnterest is also paid to some specific properties of rainfall, such as drop size distributions and drag forces on raindrops. The study includes a detailed description of a method to calculate the driving rain distribution on a building, as well as application of the method to a rectangular facade. A qualitative evaluation of the results indicates that the method can be used to calculate the mean distribution of driving rain on simple geometries with sufficient accuracy.

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  • 347.
    Segersson, David
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Eneroth, Kristina
    Gidhagen, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Johansson, Christer
    Omstedt, Gunnar
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Nylen, Anders Engstrom
    Forsberg, Bertil
    Health Impact of PM10, PM2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Due to Different Source Sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden2017In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, ISSN 1661-7827, E-ISSN 1660-4601, Vol. 14, no 7, article id 742Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 348.
    Segersson, David
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Johansson, Christer
    Forsberg, Bertil
    Near-Source Risk Functions for Particulate Matter Are Critical When Assessing the Health Benefits of Local Abatement Strategies2021In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, ISSN 1661-7827, E-ISSN 1660-4601, Vol. 18, no 13, article id 6847Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When mortality or other health outcomes attributable to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are estimated, the same exposure-response function (ERF) is usually assumed regardless of the source and composition of the particles, and independently of the spatial resolution applied in the exposure model. While several recent publications indicate that ERFs based on exposure models resolving within-city gradients are steeper per concentration unit (mu gm(-3)), the ERF for PM2.5 recommended by the World Health Organization does not reflect this observation and is heavily influenced by studies based on between-city exposure estimates. We evaluated the potential health benefits of three air pollution abatement strategies: electrification of light vehicles, reduced use of studded tires, and introduction of congestion charges in Stockholm and Gothenburg, using different ERFs. We demonstrated that using a single ERF for PM2.5 likely results in an underestimation of the effect of local measures and may be misleading when evaluating abatement strategies. We also suggest applying ERFs that distinguish between near-source and regional contributions of exposure to PM2.5. If separate ERFs are applied for near-source and regional PM2.5, congestion charges as well as a reduction of studded tire use are estimated to be associated with a significant reduction in the mortality burden in both Gothenburg and Stockholm. In some scenarios the number of premature deaths is more than 10 times higher using separate ERFs in comparison to using a single ERF irrespective of sources as recommended by the WHO. For electrification, the net change in attributable deaths is small or within the uncertainty range depending on the choice of ERF.

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    Near-Source Risk Functions for Particulate Matter Are Critical When Assessing the Health Benefits of Local Abatement Strategies
  • 349. Silva, F. C.
    et al.
    Borrego, C.
    Keizer, J. J.
    Amorim, Jorge Humberto
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Verheijen, F. G. A.
    Effects of moisture content on wind erosion thresholds of biochar2015In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 123, p. 121-128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Biochar, i.e. pyrolysed biomass, as a soil conditioner is gaining increasing attention in research and industry, with guidelines and certifications being developed for biochar production, storage and handling, as well as for application to soils. Adding water to biochar aims to reduce its susceptibility to become airborne during and after the application to soils, thereby preventing, amongst others, human health issues from inhalation. The Bagnold model has previously been modified to explain the threshold friction velocity of coal particles at different moisture contents, by adding an adhesive effect. However, it is unknown if this model also works for biochar particles. We measured the threshold friction velocities of a range of biochar particles (woody feedstock) under a range of moisture contents by using a wind tunnel, and tested the performance of the modified Bagnold model. Results showed that the threshold friction velocity can be significantly increased by keeping the gravimetric moisture content at or above 15% to promote adhesive effects between the small particles. For the specific biochar of this study, the modified Bagnold model accurately estimated threshold friction velocities of biochar particles up to moisture contents of 10%. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 350. Silva, Rui
    et al.
    Carvalho, Ana Cristina
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Carvalho, David
    Rocha, Alfredo
    Study of Urban Heat Islands Using Different Urban Canopy Models and Identification Methods2021In: Atmosphere, ISSN 2073-4433, E-ISSN 2073-4433, Vol. 12, no 4, article id 521Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Article Study of Urban Heat Islands Using Different Urban Canopy Models and Identification Methods
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