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  • 201.
    Krieg, Roland
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Beräkningar av vindenergitillgången på några platser i Skåne1986Report (Other academic)
  • 202.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, C.
    SMHI.
    Utemiljön vid Kvarnberget, Lysekil1986Report (Other academic)
  • 203.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, C.
    SMHI.
    Vindmätningar i höga master - kvartalsrapport 1/19861986Report (Other academic)
  • 204.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, C.
    SMHI.
    Vindmätningar i höga master - kvartalsrapport 2/19861986Report (Other academic)
  • 205.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, C.
    SMHI.
    Vindmätningar i höga master, kvartalsrapport 4/19851986Report (Other academic)
  • 206.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Fredriksson, Ulf
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Vindarna över Sverige1986Report (Other academic)
  • 207.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Johansson, L.
    SMHI.
    Andersson, C.
    SMHI.
    Vindmätningar i höga master, kvartalsrapport 3/19851986Report (Other academic)
  • 208.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Kvick, Tord
    SMHI.
    Vindmätningar i höga master1986Report (Other academic)
  • 209.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Omstedt, Gunnar
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Spridningsberäkningar för Volvos planerade bilfabrik i Uddevalla1985Report (Other academic)
  • 210.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Omstedt, Gunnar
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Spridningsberäkningar för Volvos planerade bilfabrik i Uddevalla - kompletterande beräkningar för fabrikerna1985Report (Other academic)
  • 211.
    Krieg, Roland
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    En klimatstudie för Arlanda stad1986Report (Other academic)
  • 212. Kristensson, A
    et al.
    Johansson, C
    Westerholm, R
    Swietlicki, E
    Gidhagen, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wideqvist, U
    Vesely, V
    Real-world traffic emission factors of gases and particles measured in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden2004In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 38, no 5, p. 657-673Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Measurements in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden give the real-world traffic emission factors for a number of gaseous and particle pollutants. These include 49 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), CO, NOX, benzene, toluene, xylenes, aldehydes, elements and inorganic/organic carbon contained in particles, the sub-micrometer aerosol number size distribution, PM2.5 and PM10. The exhaust pipe emission factors are divided with the help of automated traffic counts into the two pollutant sources, the heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) and light-duty vehicles (LDV). The LDV fleet contains 95% petrol cars and the total fleet contains about 5% HDV. When data permitted, the emission factors were further calculated at different vehicle speeds. The current work shows that average CO, NOX and benzene emission factors amounted to 5.3, 1.4 and 0.017 g veh(-1) km(-1), respectively. Since the mid-90s CO and benzene decreased by about 15%, carbonyls by about a factor 2, whereas NOX did not change much. PAR emission factors were 2-15 times higher than found during dynamometer tests. Most particles are distributed around 20 nm diameter and the LDV fleet contributes to about 65% of both PM and particle number. In general, the gaseous emissions are higher in Sweden than in USA and Switzerland, foremost due to the lower fraction catalytic converters in Sweden. The PM and number emissions of particles are also slightly higher in the Swedish tunnel. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 213. Kukkonen, Jaakko
    et al.
    Lopez-Aparicio, Susana
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Geels, Camilla
    Kangas, Leena
    Kauhaniemi, Mari
    Maragkidou, Androniki
    Jensen, Anne
    Assmuth, Timo
    Karppinen, Ari
    Sofiev, Mikhail
    Hellen, Heidi
    Riikonen, Kari
    Nikmo, Juha
    Kousa, Anu
    Niemi, Jarkko, V
    Karvosenoja, Niko
    Santos, Gabriela Sousa
    Sundvor, Ingrid
    Im, Ulas
    Christensen, Jesper Heile
    Nielsen, Ole-Kenneth
    Plejdrup, Marlene
    Nojgaard, Jacob Kleno
    Omstedt, Gunnar
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality. SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Forsberg, Bertil
    Brandt, Jorgen
    The influence of residential wood combustion on the concentrations of PM2.5 in four Nordic cities2020In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 20, no 7, p. 4333-4365Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 214. Kulmala, M.
    et al.
    Asmi, A.
    Lappalainen, H. K.
    Baltensperger, U.
    Brenguier, J. -L
    Facchini, M. C.
    Hansson, H. -C
    Hov, O.
    O'Dowd, C. D.
    Poeschl, U.
    Wiedensohler, A.
    Boers, R.
    Boucher, O.
    de Leeuw, G.
    van der Gon, H. A. C. Denier
    Feichter, J.
    Krejci, R.
    Laj, P.
    Lihavainen, H.
    Lohmann, U.
    McFiggans, G.
    Mentel, T.
    Pilinis, C.
    Riipinen, I.
    Schulz, M.
    Stohl, A.
    Swietlicki, E.
    Vignati, E.
    Alves, C.
    Amann, M.
    Ammann, M.
    Arabas, S.
    Artaxo, P.
    Baars, H.
    Beddows, D. C. S.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Beukes, J. P.
    Bilde, M.
    Burkhart, J. F.
    Canonaco, F.
    Clegg, S. L.
    Coe, H.
    Crumeyrolle, S.
    D'Anna, B.
    Decesari, S.
    Gilardoni, S.
    Fischer, M.
    Fjaeraa, A. M.
    Fountoukis, C.
    George, C.
    Gomes, L.
    Halloran, P.
    Hamburger, T.
    Harrison, R. M.
    Herrmann, H.
    Hoffmann, T.
    Hoose, C.
    Hu, M.
    Hyvarinen, A.
    Horrak, U.
    Iinuma, Y.
    Iversen, T.
    Josipovic, M.
    Kanakidou, M.
    Kiendler-Scharr, A.
    Kirkevag, A.
    Kiss, G.
    Klimont, Z.
    Kolmonen, P.
    Komppula, M.
    Kristjansson, J. -E
    Laakso, L.
    Laaksonen, A.
    Labonnote, L.
    Lanz, V. A.
    Lehtinen, K. E. J.
    Rizzo, L. V.
    Makkonen, R.
    Manninen, H. E.
    McMeeking, G.
    Merikanto, J.
    Minikin, A.
    Mirme, S.
    Morgan, W. T.
    Nemitz, E.
    O'Donnell, D.
    Panwar, T. S.
    Pawlowska, H.
    Petzold, A.
    Pienaar, J. J.
    Pio, C.
    Plass-Duelmer, C.
    Prevot, A. S. H.
    Pryor, S.
    Reddington, C. L.
    Roberts, G.
    Rosenfeld, D.
    Schwarz, J.
    Seland, O.
    Sellegri, K.
    Shen, X. J.
    Shiraiwa, M.
    Siebert, H.
    Sierau, B.
    Simpson, D.
    Sun, J. Y.
    Topping, D.
    Tunved, P.
    Vaattovaara, P.
    Vakkari, V.
    Veefkind, J. P.
    Visschedijk, A.
    Vuollekoski, H.
    Vuolo, R.
    Wehner, B.
    Wildt, J.
    Woodward, S.
    Worsnop, D. R.
    van Zadelhoff, G. -J
    Zardini, A. A.
    Zhang, K.
    van Zyl, P. G.
    Kerminen, V. -M
    Carslaw, K. S.
    Pandis, S. N.
    General overview: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) - integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales2011In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 11, no 24, p. 13061-13143Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 215. Kulshrestha, Monika J.
    et al.
    Singh, Ruchi
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ambient and Episodic Levels of Metals in PM10 Aerosols and Their Source Apportionment in Central Delhi, India2016In: JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE, ISSN 2153-5493, Vol. 20, no 4, article id UNSP A4014002Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 216. Kulshrestha, U C
    et al.
    Granat, L
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rodhe, H
    Review of precipitation monitoring studies in India - a search for regional patterns2005In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 39, no 38, p. 7403-7419Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study is a review of rain chemistry measurements reported in India. Data from nearly 100 stations were reviewed with regard to sampling location, sampling method and chemical analyses. Some characteristic differences were found between the concentrations in different environments in line with known distributions of emissions. This was most clearly seen for with median concentration increasing from rural and suburban to urban and industrial environments, with concentrations of HCO3- and H+ varying the opposite way. Ca2+ concentration was higher in suburban and industrial environments compared to rural and urban. Concentration of NH4+ was lower in rural than in the other locations. Sea salt const, concentration (Na+ and Cl- in approximately 'Jut proport ion) was higher in urban than in rural locations at the same distance from the sea. The reported data from rural and Suburban locations were used to derive large-scale concentration fields over India. With knowledge of emission fields and with the aid of output from a regional transport model it was possible to see some limited spatial resemblance between modelled and observed concentrations in cases of SO2, NH4+, NO3- and SO42-. For soil dust, Current models are very crude but here some resemblance Could be seen: primarily limited spatial resemblance with Ca2+, pH and HCO3- with generally increasing values towards NW. Four sites, at least two of them located in forested environments, had a mean rainwater pH close to neutral (concentration or H+ and HCO3- about equal). Other sites had oil average an excess of HCO3-, becoming very substantial in the direction of the Thar Desert in NW India. With this review we conclude that there is a need to better assure the quality of the data with regard to sampling methods, chemical analyses and spatial representativeness. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 217. Kuylenstierna, J C I
    et al.
    Hicks, W K
    Cinderby, S
    Vallack, H W
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Variability in mapping acidification risk scenarios for terrestrial ecosystems in Asian countries2001In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 130, no 1-4, p. 1175-1180Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Acidification has the potential to become a widespread problem in parts of Asia. Just how widespread this risk may be is discussed by comparing sulphur deposition to critical load estimates, taking into account neutralising base cation deposition from soil dust. Two scenarios for the sulphur emission in 2025 are used as inputs to the MATCH atmospheric transfer model to estimate sulphur deposition scenarios. Net acidic deposition using a low and high base cation deposition input is compared to a map of sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition. Two ranges of critical loads assigned to this sensitivity reap are used. The variability in the maps showing risks of acidification using low and high estimates for critical loads and base cation deposition for two different development pathways is discussed. Certain areas are shown to be at risk in all cases whereas others are very sensitive to the values used to estimate risk.

  • 218.
    Kvick, Tord
    et al.
    SMHI.
    Krieg, Roland
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Vindförhållandena i Sveriges kust- och havsband, rapport nr 21986Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Med syfte att ta fram vindenergi kartor för de svenska kust- och havsområdena har vi gått vidare med de havsvindstudier som genomfördes av SMHI 1983-84.

    Vi har dels kunnat analysera längre tidsserier av mätdata från kasunfyrar och dels gjort ytterligare simuleringar med den dynamiska vindfältsmodellen som i detta projekt utnyttjas med några smärre modifieringar.

    De mätdata som nu utnyttjats är 5-7.5 års timvisa vinddata från sju kasunfyrar där SMHI har automatiska väderstationer placerade.Dessa mätningar görs på 25-35 meters höjd över havsytan och i områden som är fria från öar. Uppmätta data har korrigerats med hänsyn till de störningar i vindströmningen som  uppstår runt fyrkropparna.

    Den dynamiska vindfältsmodell vi arbetat med beskrevs första gången av Danard ( 1977) och är en enkel en-nivås 2 dimensionell primitiv ekvationsmodell. Den mindre skalans vind erhålles genom en dynamisk tolkning av den stora skalan.

    De mesoskaliga effekter som parametriseras i modellen och ligger till grund för den dynamiska tolkningen är:

    • friktionseffekter
    • topografin
    • värmeflödet från underlaget

    Mer i detalj innebär detta att vi för den stora skalans karaktäristik utnyttjat den geostrofiska vinden samt temperatur och geopotentialanalyser från marken, 850 mb och 700 mb. Den lilla skalans egenskaper beskrivs genom en digitalisering av topografin och skrovligheten i ett gridnät.

    I denna studie har vi minskat avståndet mellan grid- eller beräkningspunkterna från 22 km till 11 km och utökat den simulerade tidsperioden från tre till tolv månader. Beräkningsområdet omfattar södra Sverige upp till Gävlebukten samt angränsande områden i väster och öster.

    Slutresultaten redovisas i form av medianvindens fördelning för 100 m nivån i kartskalan 1: 2500000 och i form av rörelseenergikartor för 100 meters höjd i skalan 1: 1250000. De senare kan sammanfattas i följande punkter.

    • Vindenergipotentialen är ca 40% högre vid den bästa kasunfyrsplatserna,Trubaduren, än vid den sämsta, Gustav Dahlen.
    • 10-15 km ut från land är vindenergipotentialen i regel 35-45%högre än vid de land lägen som ligger närmast stranden.
    • De mest vindrika områdena längs de svenska kusterna finns, enligt vad som framkommit i denna studie, längs hela västkustenoch sydväst om Falsterbo, syd och öst om Öland, nordväst om Gotland och i Alands hav.
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  • 219. Kylling, A.
    et al.
    Kahnert, Michael
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Lindqvist, H.
    Nousiainen, T.
    Volcanic ash infrared signature: porous non-spherical ash particle shapes compared to homogeneous spherical ash particles2014In: ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, ISSN 1867-1381, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 919-929Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The reverse absorption technique is often used to detect volcanic ash clouds from thermal infrared satellite measurements. From these measurements effective particle radius and mass loading may be estimated using radiative transfer modelling. The radiative transfer modelling usually assumes that the ash particles are spherical. We calculated thermal infrared optical properties of highly irregular and porous ash particles and compared these with mass-and volume-equivalent spherical models. Furthermore, brightness temperatures pertinent to satellite observing geometry were calculated for the different ash particle shapes. Non-spherical shapes and volume-equivalent spheres were found to produce a detectable ash signal for larger particle sizes than mass-equivalent spheres. The assumption of mass-equivalent spheres for ash mass loading estimates was found to underestimate mass loading compared to morphologically complex inhomogeneous ash particles. The underestimate increases with the mass loading. For an ash cloud recorded during the Eyjafjallajokull 2010 eruption, the mass-equivalent spheres underestimate the total mass of the ash cloud by approximately 30% compared to the morphologically complex inhomogeneous particles.

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  • 220. Lacressonniere, Gwendoline
    et al.
    Foret, Gilles
    Beekmann, Matthias
    Siour, Guillaume
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Gauss, Michael
    Watson, Laura
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Colette, Augustin
    Josse, Beatrice
    Marecal, Virginie
    Nyiri, Agnes
    Vautard, Robert
    Impacts of regional climate change on air quality projections and associated uncertainties2016In: Climatic Change, ISSN 0165-0009, E-ISSN 1573-1480, Vol. 136, no 2, p. 309-324Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 221. Lacressonniere, Gwendoline
    et al.
    Watson, Laura
    Gauss, Michael
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Beekmann, Matthias
    Colette, Augustin
    Foret, Gilles
    Josse, Beatrice
    Marecal, Virginie
    Nyiri, Agnes
    Siour, Guillaume
    Sobolowski, Stefan
    Vautard, Robert
    Particulate matter air pollution in Europe in a+2 degrees C warming world2017In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 154, p. 129-140Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 222.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Alpfjord Wylde, Helene
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Mapping of phytotoxic ozone dose for birch, spruce, wheat and potato using the MATCH-Sweden system2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We have added calculations of PODY for birch, spruce, wheat and potato to theMATCH-Sweden system. Several important updates compared to the previousimplementation for generic crops and generic deciduous trees have been made includingimproved calculations of canopy level ozone concentrations, updated calculations ofquasi-laminar and surface resistance and inclusion of soil moisture dependence forspecific vegetation species. 

    A comparison to results from the EMEP model for generic crops and generic deciduoustrees shows a better agreement than previously. Considering also that an error in theEMEP calculations has been identified, affecting primarily the PODY calculations forgeneric deciduous trees, MATCH-Sweden and EMEP model results now appear to bemore consistent.Year to year variability of PODY for birch and spruce are similar to that for genericdeciduous trees while numerical values are different, especially for birch, due to differentparameters in the PODY calculation and longer vegetation periods. Critical levelscorresponding to a 4 % growth reduction are exceeded for both birch and spruce in majorparts of Sweden for all years in the period 2013-2017.Year to year variability of PODY for wheat and potato are larger than for generic cropsdue to the higher threshold for PODY used in the calculations. Critical levelscorresponding to a 5 % reduction in crop yield are reached in four of five years insouthern Sweden for wheat and for two in five years for potato.The updated program package for PODY calculations could be used to calculateconsistent time series of PODY for different types of vegetation for the period 1990-2013based on reanalyzed ozone concentrations. The program package could also be developedto calculate PODY for the whole of Europe for different emission- or climate scenarios.The results presented in this report are also available in digital form at the SMHI homepage for environmental monitoring of air quality(www.smhi.se/klimatdata/miljo/atmosfarskemi).

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  • 223.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Atmospheric input of nitrogen to the Baltic Sea basin: present situation, variability due to meteorology and impact of climate change2009In: Boreal environment research, ISSN 1239-6095, E-ISSN 1797-2469, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 226-237Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present estimates of the present and future deposition of atmospheric nitrogen into the Baltic Sea made using the Eulerian chemical transport model MATCH, and compare these with earlier model estimates. The average total nitrogen deposition for periods of five to ten years from 1992 to 2001 was estimated to be in the range of 261-300 Gg N yr(-1). The deposition across the whole catchment area for 2001 was estimated to be 1.55-1.73 Tg N yr(-1). Inter-annual variability of nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea was calculated to be in the range of 5.1%-8.0%. Investigating one climate change scenario using emissions for year 2000 indicated a rather small impact on total deposition of nitrogen due to climate change, i.e. increase of total nitrogen deposition by similar to 5% by the end of the 21st century as compared with present conditions. The combined effect of climate change and future changes in anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen to the atmosphere remains an open question. Additional climate change scenarios using different combinations of global and regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios need to be explored.

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  • 224.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Impact of Climate Change on Regional Air Pollution Budgets2001In: Transport and Chemical Transformation in the Troposphere - Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium 2000 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 27-31 March 2000 / [ed] Midgley, P.M., Reuther, M. and Williams, M., Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2001Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 225.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Foltescu, Valentin
    SMHI.
    Impact of climate change on surface ozone and deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in Europe2005In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 39, no 6, p. 1129-1141Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The potential impact of regional climate change on the distribution and deposition of air pollutants in Europe has been studied using a regional chemistry/transport/deposition model, MATCH. MATCH was set up using meteorological output from two 10-year climate change experiments made with the Rossby Centre regional Atmospheric climate model version 1 (RCA1). RCA1 was forced by boundary conditions from two different global climate models using the IPCC IS92a (business as usual) emission scenario. The global mean warming in both the GCMs was 2.6 K and was reached in the period 2050-2070. Simulations with MATCH indicate substantial potential impact of regional climate change on both deposition of oxidised nitrogen and concentrations of surface ozone. The simulations show a strong increase in surface ozone expressed as AOT40 and mean of daily maximum over southern and central Europe and a decrease in northern Europe. The simulated changes in April September AOT40 are significant in relation to inter-annual variability over extended areas. Changes in deposition of oxidised nitrogen are much smaller and also less coherent due to the strong inter-annual variability in precipitation in the RCA1 simulations and differences in the regional climate change simulated with RCA1 in the two regional scenarios. Changes in simulated annual deposition are significant in relation to inter-annual variability only over small areas. This indicates that longer simulation periods are necessary to establish changes in deposition. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 226.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Klein, Thomas
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Skagerström, M.
    SMHI.
    Nuläge och scenarier för inverkan på marknära ozon av emissioner från Västra Götalands län - Beräkningar för 19992004Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    SMHI har på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län studerat hur olikascenarier för reducerade NOx och VOC-utsläpp från Västra Götaland påverkarfördelningen av marknära ozon över södra Sverige. Studien har utnyttjat den atmosfärkemiskaspridningsmodellen MATCH (Multi-scale Atmospheric Transportand Chemistry model). Modellen har först applicerats över hela Europa förår 1999 med aktuella emissioner. Resultaten från dessa beräkningar har sedankopplats till en högupplöst modell, MATCH-O-län, som täcker södra Sverige.Beräkningar med MATCH har genomförts för ett nuläge (basfall) med utsläppsdataför år 2000/2001 och tre scenarier där utsläppen har reducerats. Scenariermed reduktion av NOx och VOC-utsläppen från Västra Götalands län med 45 respektive44% var för sig respektive sammantaget har studerats. För basfallet harjämförelser gjorts med mätningar av marknära ozon i området för år 1999. Medutgångspunkt från dessa jämförelser bedömer vi att MATCH ger en tillräckligtgod beskrivning av de verkliga ozonhalterna för att kunna utnyttjas för studier avscenarier.Beräkningarna visar att utsläppen från Västra Götaland har en signifikant påverkanpå halterna av marknära ozon i södra Sverige. Reducerade utsläpp leder generellttill reducerade halter av marknära ozon i södra Sverige och lägre värdenför olika mått på kritiska nivåer av halten av marknära ozon. Effekterna av reduceradeutsläpp berör inte bara närområdet utan täcker ett område som är fleragånger större än det område där utsläppen har ändrats.I området närmast Göteborg leder emellertid reducerade NOx-utsläpp till ökadehalter av ozon. Denna effekt är mindre vid en samtidig reduktion av NOx ochVOC.Bortsett från området med stora NOx-utsläpp i västra delen av Västra Götalandså är reduktioner av NOx effektivare när det gäller att reducera halterna av marknäraozon än reduktion av VOC-utsläpp. Reduktion av NOx-utsläpp är mer änsju gånger effektivare än reduktion av VOC-utsläpp när det gäller att reducerabildningen av ozon inom modellområdet för MATCH-O-län under periodenapril-september 1999.Reducerade utsläpp av NOx och VOC från Västra Götaland beräknas, i större delenav länet, leda till en viss minskning av antalet dagar med 8-timmars medelhaltersom överskrider 120 μg/m3 (60 ppb(v)) under sommarperioden aprilseptember.Reducerad NOx-utsläpp förväntas dock leda till ett ökat antal dagarmed överskridanden i Göteborgsområdet.Reducerade utsläpp från Västra Götaland leder till en reduktion av AOT401 med0.1 ppm(v) h över en stor del av södra Sverige under perioden maj-juli. Den2maximala reduktionen överstiger 0.5 ppm(v) i enstaka beräkningsrutor. För periodenapril-september reduceras AOT40 med mer än 0.1 ppm(v) h i en större delav södra Sverige och en reduktion med mer än 0.5 ppm(v) h beräknas för en stordel av Västra Götaland.

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  • 227.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Plejel, Karin
    Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL.
    European scale modeling of sulfur, oxidized nitrogen and photochemial oxidants: Model development and evaluation for the 1994 growing season1998Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A chemical mechanism, including the relevant reactions leading to the production of ozone and other photochemical oxidants, has been implemented in the MATCH regional tracer transport/chemistry/deposition model. The aim has been to develop a model platform that can be used as a basis for a range of regional scale studies involving atmospheric chemistry, including assessment of the importance of different sources of pollutants to the levels of photochemical oxidants and air pollutant forecasting. Meteorological input data to the model were taken from archived output from the operational version of HIRLAM at SMHI. Evaluation of model calculations over Europe for a six month period in 1994 for a range of chemical components show good results considering known sources of error and uncertainties in input data and model formulation. With limited further work the system is sufficiently good to be applied for scenario studies and for regional scale air pollutant forecasts.

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  • 228.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    European summer surface ozone 1990-21002012In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 12, no 21, p. 10097-10105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The impact of climate change and changes in ozone precursor emission on summer surface ozone in Europe was studied using a regional CTM over the period 1990 to 2100. Two different climate simulations under the SRES A1B scenario together with ozone precursor emission changes from the RCP4.5 scenario were used as model input. In southern Europe regional climate change leads to increasing surface ozone concentrations during April-September, but projected emission reductions in Europe have a stronger effect, resulting in net reductions of surface ozone concentrations. In northern Europe regional climate change decreases surface O-3 and reduced European emissions acts to further strengthen this trend also when including increasing hemispheric background concentrations. The European O-3 precursor emission reductions in RCP4.5 are substantial and it remains to be seen if these reductions can be achieved. There is substantial decadal variability in the simulations forced by climate variability which is important to consider when looking at changes in surface O-3 concentrations, especially until the first half of the 21st century. In order to account for changes in background O-3 future regional model studies should couple global (hemispheric) and regional CTMs forced by a consistent set of meteorological and precursor emission data.

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  • 229.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Baklanov, A.
    Christensen, J. H.
    Gauss, M.
    Geels, C.
    Hedegaard, G. B.
    Nuterman, R.
    Simpson, D.
    Soares, J.
    Sofiev, M.
    Wind, P.
    Zakey, A.
    A multi-model study of impacts of climate change on surface ozone in Europe2012In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 12, no 21, p. 10423-10440Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The impact of climate change on surface ozone over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) and one online regional integrated climate-chemistry model (CCM), driven by the same global projection of future climate under the SRES A1B scenario. Anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors from RCP4.5 for year 2000 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change and to assess the robustness of the results across the different models. The sensitivity of the simulated surface ozone to changes in climate between the periods 20002009 and 2040-2049 differs by a factor of two between the models, but the general pattern of change with an increase in southern Europe is similar across different models. Emissions of isoprene differ substantially between different CTMs ranging from 1.6 to 8.0 Tg yr(-1) for the current climate, partly due to differences in horizontal resolution of meteorological input data. Also the simulated change in total isoprene emissions varies substantially across models explaining part of the different climate response on surface ozone. Ensemble mean changes in summer mean ozone and mean of daily maximum ozone are close to 1 ppb(v) in parts of the land area in southern Europe. Corresponding changes of 95-percentiles of hourly ozone are close to 2 ppb(v) in the same region. In northern Europe ensemble mean for mean and daily maximum show negative changes while there are no negative changes for the higher percentiles indicating that climate impacts on O-3 could be especially important in connection with extreme summer events.

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  • 230.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Gidhagen, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Gramsch, Ernesto
    Oyola, Pedro
    Reyes, Felipe
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Aguilera, Claudio
    Model-simulated Source Contributions to PM2.5 in Santiago and the Central Region of Chile2020In: Aerosol and Air Quality Research, ISSN 1680-8584, E-ISSN 2071-1409, Vol. 20, no 5, p. 1111-1126Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 231.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Concentration and deposition of acidifying air pollutants over Sweden: Estimates for 1991 based on the match model and observations1995In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 85, no 4, p. 2021-2026Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The MATCH (Mesoscale Atmospheric Transport and CHemistry) model has been developed as a tool for air pollution assessment studies on different geographical scales. MATCH is an Eulerian atmospheric dispersion model, including physical and chemical processes governing sources, atmospheric transport and sinks of oxidized sulfur and oxidized and reduced nitrogen. Using a combination of air and precipitation chemistry measurements and the MATCH model, the national and long-range transport contributions to air pollution and deposition can be quantified in the model region. The calculations for the year 1991 show that the Swedish import was about 4.5 times larger than the export for sulfur and about six times larger for reduced nitrogen, while the Swedish import of oxidized nitrogen only exceeded the export by 10%. Using the MATCH system we estimate the long-range transport in an independent way compared to EMEP. Comparison between the EMEP and MATCH calculations for 1991 show that the total deposition of oxidized nitrogen over Sweden is similar, while the EMEP-values for total deposition of oxidized sulfur and reduced nitrogen are 25% respectively 40% smaller than what is obtained from MATCH.

  • 232.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ullerstig, Anders
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Air pollution Assessment Study Using the MATCH Modelling System: Application to sulfur and nitrogen compounds over Sweden 19941996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The MATCH (Mesoscale Atmospheric Transport and CHemistry) model has been developed as a tool for air pollution assessment studies on different geographical scales. The MATCH system is based on an Eulerian atmospheric transport model, including physical and chemical processes governing sources, atmospheric transport and sinks of oxidised sulphur and oxidised and reduced nitrogen. With the MATCH system, air pollution contributions from different source types like traffic, industry, shipping, farming etc. can be obtained. Using a combination of air and precipitation chemistry measurements and the MATCH dispersion model, the contribution of air pollution and deposition from long-range transport can be quantified in the model region. The calculations for the year 1994 show that the Swedish import was 5.5 times larger than the export for sulphur and 4.4 times larger for reduced nitrogen, while the Swedish import of oxidised nitrogen only exceeded the export by 10%.

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  • 233.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ullerstig, Anders
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Validation of the operational emergency response model at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute using data from ETEX and the Chernobyl accident1998In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 32, no 24, p. 4325-4333Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Eulerian atmospheric tracer transport model MATCH (Multiscale Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry model) has been extended with a Lagrangian particle model treating the initial dispersion of pollutants from point sources. The model has been implemented at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute in an emergency response system for nuclear accidents and can be activated on short notice to provide forecast concentration and deposition fields. The model has been used to simulate the transport of the inert tracer released during the ETEX experiment and the transport and deposition of Cs-137 from the Chernobyl accident. Visual inspection of the results as well as statistical analysis shows that the extent, time of arrival and duration of the tracer cloud, is in good agreement with the observations for both cases, with a tendency towards over-prediction for the first ETEX release. For the Chernobyl case the simulated deposition pattern over Scandinavia and over Europe as a whole agrees with observations when observed precipitation is used in the simulation. When model calculated precipitation is used, the quality of the simulation is reduced significantly and the model fails to predict major features of the observed deposition held. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 234.
    Langner, Joakim
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    RODHE, H
    CRUTZEN, PJ
    ZIMMERMANN, P
    ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TROPOSPHERIC SULFATE AEROSOL1992In: Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, E-ISSN 1476-4687, Vol. 359, no 6397, p. 712-716Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    HUMAN activities have increased global emissions of sulphur gases by about a factor of three during the past century, leading to increased sulphate aerosol concentrations, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. Sulphate aerosols can affect the climate directly, by increasing the backscattering of solar radiation in cloud-free air, and indirectly, by providing additional cloud condensation nuclei1-4. Here we use a global transport-chemistry model to estimate the changes in the distribution of tropospheric sulphate aerosol and deposition of non-seasalt sulphur that have occurred since pre-industrial times. The increase in sulphate aerosol concentration is small over the Southern Hemisphere oceans, but reaches a factor of 100 over northern Europe in winter. Our calculations indicate, however, that at most 6% of the anthropogenic sulphur emissions is available for the formation of new aerosol particles. This is because about one-half of the sulphur dioxide is deposited on the Earth's surface, and most of the remainder is oxidized in cloud droplets so that the sulphate becomes associated with pre-existing particles. Even so, the rate of formation of new sulphate particles may have doubled since pre-industrial times.

  • 235.
    Laurin, Sten
    et al.
    SMHI.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Beräknad formaldehydspridning och deposition från SWEDSPANs spånskivefabrik1985Report (Other academic)
  • 236. Leck, C
    et al.
    Heintzenberg, J
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    A meridional profile of the chemical composition of submicrometre particles over the East Atlantic Ocean: regional and hemispheric variabilities2002In: Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology, ISSN 0280-6509, E-ISSN 1600-0889, Vol. 54, no 4, p. 377-394Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the framework of SWEDARP (Swedish Antarctic Program) 92,93 an aerosol sampling program was carried out on board of M/S Palarbjorn which carried staff and material to the Nordic Antarctic Field exercises during the Austral summer 1992/1993. The cruise started 11 November 1992 from Oslo, went via Cape Town to Antarctica, and then back to Cape Town ,here the ship arrived on 4 January 1993. During the cruise, a meridional profile of physical and chemical submicrometre aerosol properties was derived covering the East Atlantic Ocean from 60degreesN to 70degreesS. The multicomponent aerosol data set combined with a trajectory analysis revealed a systematic meridional distribution of aerosol sources over the Atlantic that covered European and African continental Plumes and, South of 15degreesS, a largely biologically controlled marine aerosol. Median number concentrations calculated over the whole cruise spanned a factor of 20 between 2000 and 100 cm(-3), while total analyzed mass concentrations ranged between 7800 and 40 ng m(3). From the biologically dominated subset of the data in the southern hemisphere, relationships were developed that allowed an apportionment of the observed sulfate and ammonium concentration to biogenic and anthropogenic Sources over the whole meridional aerosol profile.

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  • 237.
    Leung, Wing
    et al.
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Windmark, Fredrik
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Brodl, Ludvik
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    A basis to estimate marginal cost for air traffic in Sweden.: Modelling of ozone, primary and secondary particles and deposition of sulfur and nitrogen.2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study we have investigated the effects of emissions from aviation on air quality in both Swedish and European domains. The results will be used as a basis to estimate the marginal cost for air traffic in Sweden. The vertical, geographical and temporal distribution of aviation emissions over Sweden has been estimated using a newly developed methodology. The aviation emissions have been categorized by their emission altitude (LTO, low cruise and high cruise) and flight nationality (international, national and overflight). This aviation emission information was then used as input data to the regional atmospheric chemistry model MATCH to simulate the effects of aviation emissions on ecosystem, health and climate metrics. A total of 17 model simulations over three years have been performed. There is one simulation in which all emitted species from the surface and aviation emissions are included and eight simulations in which all aviation emissions from each combination of emission altitude and flight nationality are included. There are eight simulations in which NOx aviation emissions from each combination of emission altitude and flight nationality are included. Using these simulations, contributions from aviation emissions to deposition, concentrations and a range of different air pollution metrics has been calculated. The results are calculated in both the Europe and Swedish domains for all the simulations. 

    The following results are included in this report: . Deposition of oxidised and reduced nitrogen . Deposition of excess sulfur . AOT40 and SOMO35 and their exposures . Concentration and exposure of primary and secondary particles . Concentration of nitrate and sulfate particles . Concentration of surface and above surface ozone 

    In summary, contributions from aviation emissions in Sweden to the different concentrations, deposition and metrics for environmental effects are generally small, on the order of a few per mille or less. However the impacts can be traced in the simulations well beyond the Swedish borders. LTO emissions give the largest contribution to deposition of oxidised and reduced nitrogen, deposition of excess sulfur and concentrations of primary and secondary particles. In particular near the major airports like Stockholm-Arlanda and Gothenburg-Landvetter. High cruise emissions give insignificant contributions to deposition and concentrations at surface level. LTO emissions give a negative contribution to surface ozone concentration locally at the main Swedish airports but give an overall increased contribution in the regions around. Aviation emissions at low cruise and high cruise levels have the largest effect on ozone concentrations at higher levels. 

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  • 238. Lewinschal, Anna
    et al.
    Ekman, Annica M. L.
    Hansson, Hans-Christen
    Sand, Maria
    Berntsen, Terje K.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Local and remote temperature response of regional SO2 emissions2019In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 2385-2403Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 239. Ljungman, Petter L. S.
    et al.
    Andersson, Niklas
    Stockfelt, Leo
    Andersson, Eva M.
    Sommar, Johan Nilsson
    Eneroth, Kristina
    Gidhagen, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Johansson, Christer
    Lager, Anton
    Leander, Karin
    Molnar, Peter
    Pedersen, Nancy L.
    Rizzuto, Debora
    Rosengren, Annika
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wennberg, Patrik
    Barregard, Lars
    Forsberg, Bertil
    Sallsten, Gerd
    Bellander, Tom
    Pershagen, Goran
    Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution, Black Carbon, and Their Source Components in Relation to Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke2019In: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives, ISSN 0091-6765, E-ISSN 1552-9924, Vol. 127, no 10, article id 107012Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 240.
    Lövblad, Gun
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Persson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Background report on air pollution situation in the Baltic states - a prefeasibility study: IVL Publikation B 10381991Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this prefeasibility study we have compiled the information given by the core group, collected during several visits to the Baltic states. In addition to this we have included information available from different western European studies. The prefeasibility study will cover the southern to western part of Estonia, the entire Latvia and the northern part of Lithuania.

    We have made an overall evaluation of the plausibility of available data and also pointed out obvious diagreements and gaps of knowledge. The conclusion of the study is how to compile the data further in order to be able to meet with the goals of the study:

    To point out major air pollution sources.

    To correlate the air pollution dispersion and deposition to pollution introduced into the rivers and further into the Baltic Sea.

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  • 241. Mackowski, D. W.
    et al.
    Kahnert, Michael
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Mishchenko, M. I.
    A T matrix method based upon scalar basis functions2013In: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, ISSN 0022-4073, E-ISSN 1879-1352, Vol. 123, p. 113-121Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A surface integral formulation is developed for the T matrix of a homogenous and isotropic particle of arbitrary shape, which employs scalar basis functions represented by the translation matrix elements of the vector spherical wave functions. The formulation begins with the volume integral equation for scattering by the particle, which is transformed so that the vector and dyadic components in the equation are replaced with associated dipole and multipole level scalar harmonic wave functions. The approach leads to a volume integral formulation for the T matrix, which can be extended, by the use of Green's identities, to the surface integral formulation. The result is shown to be equivalent to the traditional surface integral formulas based on the VSWF basis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 242. Maderich, V.
    et al.
    Bezhenar, R.
    Heling, R.
    de With, G.
    Jung, K. T.
    Myoung, J. G.
    Cho, Y-K
    Qiao, F.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Regional long-term model of radioactivity dispersion and fate in the Northwestern Pacific and adjacent seas: application to the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident2014In: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, ISSN 0265-931X, E-ISSN 1879-1700, Vol. 131, p. 4-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The compartment model POSEIDON-R was modified and applied to the Northwestern Pacific and adjacent seas to simulate the transport and fate of radioactivity in the period 1945-2010, and to perform a radiological assessment on the releases of radioactivity due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident for the period 2011-2040. The model predicts the dispersion of radioactivity in the water column and in sediments, the transfer of radionuclides throughout the marine food web, and subsequent doses to humans due to the consumption of marine products. A generic predictive dynamic food-chain model is used instead of the biological concentration factor (BCF) approach. The radionuclide uptake model for fish has as a central feature the accumulation of radionuclides in the target tissue. The three layer structure of the water column makes it possible to describe the vertical structure of radioactivity in deep waters. In total 175 compartments cover the Northwestern Pacific, the East China and Yellow Seas and the East/Japan Sea. The model was validated from Cs-137 data for the period 1945-2010. Calculated concentrations of Cs-137 in water, bottom sediments and marine organisms in the coastal compartment, before and after the accident, are in close agreement with measurements from the Japanese agencies. The agreement for water is achieved when an additional continuous flux of 3.6 TBq y(-1) is used for underground leakage of contaminated water from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP, during the three years following the accident. The dynamic food web model predicts that due to the delay of the transfer throughout the food web, the concentration of Cs-137 for piscivorous fishes returns to background level only in 2016. For the year 2011, the calculated individual dose rate for Fukushima Prefecture due to consumption of fishery products is 3.6 mu Sv y(-1). Following the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident the collective dose due to ingestion of marine products for Japan increased in 2011 by a factor of 6 in comparison with 2010. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 243. Mahajan, Anoop S.
    et al.
    Fadnavis, Suvarna
    Thomas, Manu Anna
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Pozzoli, Luca
    Gupta, Smrati
    Royer, Sarah-Jeanne
    Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso
    Simo, Rafel
    Quantifying the impacts of an updated global dimethyl sulfide climatology on cloud microphysics and aerosol radiative forcing2015In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 120, no 6, p. 2524-2536Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the critical parameters in assessing the global impacts of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) on cloud properties and the radiation budget is the estimation of phytoplankton-induced ocean emissions, which are derived from prescribed, climatological surface seawater DMS concentrations. The most widely used global ocean DMS climatology was published 15 years ago and has recently been updated using a much larger database of observations. The updated climatology displays significant differences in terms of the global distribution and regional monthly averages of sea surface DMS. In this study, we use the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ aerosol-chemistry-climate general circulation model to quantify the influence of the updated DMS climatology in computed atmospheric properties, namely, the spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric DMS concentration, sulfuric acid concentration, sulfate aerosols, number of activated aerosols, cloud droplet number concentration, and the aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere. Significant differences are observed for all the modeled variables. Comparison with observations of atmospheric DMS and total sulfate also shows that in places with large DMS emissions, the updated climatology shows a better match with the observations. This highlights the importance of using the updated climatology for projecting future impacts of oceanic DMS emissions, especially considering that the relative importance of the natural sulfur fluxes is likely to increase due to legislation to clean up anthropogenic emissions. The largest estimated differences are in the Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean, and parts of the Pacific Ocean, where the climatologies differ in seasonal concentrations over large geographical areas. The model results also indicate that the former DMS climatology underestimated the effect of DMS on the globally averaged annual aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere by about 20%.

  • 244. Mahmood, Rashed
    et al.
    von Salzen, Knut
    Flanner, Mark
    Sand, Maria
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Wang, Hailong
    Huang, Lin
    Seasonality of global and Arctic black carbon processes in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme models2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 121, no 12, p. 7100-7116Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 245. Marecal, V.
    et al.
    Peuch, V. -H
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Andersson, S.
    Arteta, J.
    Beekmann, M.
    Benedictow, A.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Bessagnet, B.
    Cansado, A.
    Cheroux, F.
    Colette, A.
    Coman, A.
    Curier, R. L.
    van der Gon, H. A. C. Denier
    Drouin, A.
    Elbern, H.
    Emili, E.
    Engelen, R. J.
    Eskes, H. J.
    Foret, G.
    Friese, E.
    Gauss, M.
    Giannaros, C.
    Guth, J.
    Joly, M.
    Jaumouille, E.
    Josse, B.
    Kadygrov, N.
    Kaiser, J. W.
    Krajsek, K.
    Kuenen, J.
    Kumar, U.
    Liora, N.
    Lopez, E.
    Malherbe, L.
    Martinez, I.
    Melas, D.
    Meleux, F.
    Menut, L.
    Moinat, P.
    Morales, T.
    Parmentier, J.
    Piacentini, A.
    Plu, M.
    Poupkou, A.
    Queguiner, S.
    Robertson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Rouil, L.
    Schaap, M.
    Segers, A.
    Sofiev, M.
    Tarasson, L.
    Thomas, Manu Anna
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Timmermans, R.
    Valdebenito, A.
    van Velthoven, P.
    van Versendaal, R.
    Vira, J.
    Ung, A.
    A regional air quality forecasting system over Europe: the MACC-II daily ensemble production2015In: Geoscientific Model Development, ISSN 1991-959X, E-ISSN 1991-9603, Vol. 8, no 9, p. 2777-2813Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes the pre-operational analysis and forecasting system developed during MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) and continued in the MACC-II (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate: Interim Implementation) European projects to provide air quality services for the European continent. This system is based on seven state-of-the art models developed and run in Europe (CHIMERE, EMEP, EURAD-IM, LOTOS-EUROS, MATCH, MOCAGE and SILAM). These models are used to calculate multi-model ensemble products. The paper gives an overall picture of its status at the end of MACCII (summer 2014) and analyses the performance of the multi-model ensemble. The MACC-II system provides daily 96 h forecasts with hourly outputs of 10 chemical species/aerosols (O-3, NO2, SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, NO, NH3, total NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds) and PAN + PAN precursors) over eight vertical levels from the surface to 5 km height. The hourly analysis at the surface is done a posteriori for the past day using a selection of representative air quality data from European monitoring stations. The performance of the system is assessed daily, weekly and every 3 months (seasonally) through statistical indicators calculated using the available representative air quality data from European monitoring stations. Results for a case study show the ability of the ensemble median to forecast regional ozone pollution events. The seasonal performances of the individual models and of the multi-model ensemble have been monitored since September 2009 for ozone, NO2 and PM10. The statistical indicators for ozone in summer 2014 show that the ensemble median gives on average the best performances compared to the seven models. There is very little degradation of the scores with the forecast day but there is a marked diurnal cycle, similarly to the individual models, that can be related partly to the prescribed diurnal variations of anthropogenic emissions in the models. During summer 2014, the diurnal ozone maximum is underestimated by the ensemble median by about 4 mu g m(-3) on average. Locally, during the studied ozone episodes, the maxima from the ensemble median are often lower than observations by 30-50 mu g m(-3). Overall, ozone scores are generally good with average values for the normalised indicators of 0.14 for the modified normalised mean bias and of 0.30 for the fractional gross error. Tests have also shown that the ensemble median is robust to reduction of ensemble size by one, that is, if predictions are unavailable from one model. Scores are also discussed for PM10 for winter 2013-1014. There is an underestimation of most models leading the ensemble median to a mean bias of 4.5 mu g m(-3). The ensemble median fractional gross error is larger for PM10 (similar to 0.52) than for ozone and the correlation is lower (similar to 0.35 for PM10 and similar to 0.54 for ozone). This is related to a larger spread of the seven model scores for PM10 than for ozone linked to different levels of complexity of aerosol representation in the individual models. In parallel, a scientific analysis of the results of the seven models and of the ensemble is also done over the Mediterranean area because of the specificity of its meteorology and emissions. The system is robust in terms of the production availability. Major efforts have been done in MACC-II towards the operationalisation of all its components. Foreseen developments and research for improving its performances are discussed in the conclusion.

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  • 246. Markakis, Konstantinos
    et al.
    Valari, Myrto
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Lacressonniere, Gwendoline
    Vautard, Robert
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Mid-21st century air quality at the urban scale under the influence of changed climate and emissions - case studies for Paris and Stockholm2016In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 1877-1894Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ozone, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations over Paris, France and Stockholm, Sweden were modelled at 4 and 1 km horizontal resolutions respectively for the present and 2050 periods employing decade-long simulations. We account for large-scale global climate change (RCP-4.5) and fine-resolution bottom-up emission projections developed by local experts and quantify their impact on future pollutant concentrations. Moreover, we identify biases related to the implementation of regional-scale emission projections by comparing modelled pollutant concentrations between the fine-and coarse-scale simulations over the study areas. We show that over urban areas with major regional contribution (e.g. the city of Stockholm) the bias related to coarse-scale projections may be significant and lead to policy misclassification. Our results stress the need to better understand the mechanism of bias propagation across the modelling scales in order to design more successful local-scale strategies. We find that the impact of climate change is spatially homogeneous in both regions, implying strong regional influence. The climate benefit for ozone (daily mean and maximum) is up to 5% for Paris and 2% for Stockholm city. The climate benefit on PM2.5 and PM10 in Paris is between 5 and 10 %, while for Stockholm we estimate mixed trends of up to 3% depending on season and size class. In Stockholm, emission mitigation leads to concentration reductions up to 15% for daily mean and maximum ozone and 20% for PM. Through a sensitivity analysis we show that this response is entirely due to changes in emissions at the regional scale. On the contrary, over the city of Paris (VOC-limited photochemical regime), local mitigation of NO x emissions increases future ozone concentrations due to ozone titration inhibition. This competing trend between the respective roles of emission and climate change, results in an increase in 2050 daily mean ozone by 2.5% in Paris. Climate and not emission change appears to be the most influential factor for maximum ozone concentration over the city of Paris, which may be particularly interesting from a health impact perspective.

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  • 247.
    Marmefelt, Eleonor
    et al.
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    An integrated biogeochemical model system for the Baltic Sea1999In: Hydrobiologia, ISSN 0018-8158, E-ISSN 1573-5117, Vol. 393, p. 45-56Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) is developing an integrated biogeochemical model system for the Baltic Sea. It consists of three coupled models; a marine biogeochemical-hydrodynamical model (SCOBI), a continuous riverine nitrogen transport model (HBV-N) and an atmospheric transport and chemical model (MATCH). It is supplied with a tool for presentation and analysis. The SCOBI model is a coupled one-dimensional model with high vertical resolution. Horizontal variations are taken into account by dividing the area into smaller boxes. The model includes primary phytoplankton production, nitrogen fixation and secondary zooplankton production. Nitrogen load from land is obtained through the HBV-N model, which simulates organic and inorganic nitrogen separately in catchments. The model is based on the hydrological model HBV, and the subbasin runoff is simulated on a daily basis. The HBV-N model is calibrated and validated against measured concentrations and water flow in rivers. The atmospheric input of oxidised and reduced nitrogen is taken from the annual assessments carried out with the MATCH-Sweden modelling system. MATCH-Sweden combines model calculations, using an atmospheric transport and chemical model, with observations of air- and precipitation chemistry data to give a detailed mapping of concentrations and deposition of nitrogen compounds over Sweden. Supplemented with monitoring data for the specific area of interest, the integrated biogeochemical model system makes a useful tool for environmental protection analyses; e.g. for interpretation of monitoring data as well as creating scenarios for studies of effects in changes of the nutrient loads.

  • 248. Martinsson, Johan
    et al.
    Azeem, Hafiz Abdul
    Sporre, Moa K.
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Ahlberg, Erik
    Ostrom, Emilie
    Kristensson, Adam
    Swietlicki, Erik
    Stenstrom, Kristina Eriksson
    Carbonaceous aerosol source apportionment using the Aethalometer model - evaluation by radiocarbon and levoglucosan analysis at a rural background site in southern Sweden2017In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 17, no 6, p. 4265-4281Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 249. Mauno, Paivi
    et al.
    McFarquhar, Greg M.
    Raisanen, Petri
    Kahnert, Michael
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Timlin, Michael S.
    Nousiainen, Timo
    The influence of observed cirrus microphysical properties on shortwave radiation: A case study over Oklahoma2011In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 116, article id D22208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The shortwave radiative effect of an ice cloud observed over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Southern Great Plains site in Oklahoma is investigated. Airborne microphysical data from a cloud particle imager, optical array probes, and forward scattering probes are used to construct vertical profiles of the size and shape distributions of ice crystals. Due to uncertainties associated with measuring the sizes and shapes of small ice crystals with maximum dimensions less than 120 mu m, five alternate size-shape distributions are derived and combined with existing databases of wavelength-dependent single-scattering properties of idealized ice crystals to obtain vertical profiles of optical properties. The dependence of the surface and the top-of-the-atmosphere fluxes on these uncertainties is simulated with a radiative transfer model. In addition, surface fluxes are compared against measurements at the surface. It is found that the differences between the modeled and measured fluxes are too large to be explained by uncertainties in the shape and concentrations of small ice crystals. Sensitivity tests suggest that the discrepancies occur because the real optical thickness is larger than that derived from the aircraft profiles most of the time. When the optical thickness was derived based on modeled and measured direct fluxes, the modeled total downward flux agreed well with the measurements. Slightly (less than 10%) reducing the asymmetry parameter, which is possibly associated with the presence of surface roughness, air bubble inclusions or other nonidealities in ice crystals, may further improve the agreement with observations.

  • 250. McFiggans, Gordon
    et al.
    Mentel, Thomas F.
    Wildt, Juergen
    Pullinen, Iida
    Kang, Sungah
    Kleist, Einhard
    Schmitt, Sebastian
    Springer, Monika
    Tillmann, Ralf
    Wu, Cheng
    Zhao, Defeng
    Hallquist, Mattias
    Faxon, Cameron
    Le Breton, Michael
    Hallquist, Asa M.
    Simpson, David
    Bergström, Robert
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Jenkin, Michael E.
    Ehn, Mikael
    Thornton, Joel A.
    Alfarra, M. Rami
    Bannan, Thomas J.
    Percival, Carl J.
    Priestley, Michael
    Topping, David
    Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid
    Secondary organic aerosol reduced by mixture of atmospheric vapours2019In: Nature, ISSN 0028-0836, E-ISSN 1476-4687, Vol. 565, no 7741, p. 587-593Article in journal (Refereed)
2345678 201 - 250 of 401
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