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  • 1. Aggarwal, Pradeep K.
    et al.
    Romatschke, Ulrike
    Araguas-Araguas, Luis
    Belachew, Dagnachew
    Longstaffe, Frederick J.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Schumacher, Courtney
    Funk, Aaron
    Proportions of convective and stratiform precipitation revealed in water isotope ratios2016In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 9, no 8, p. 624-+Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Belusic, Danijel
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bozhinova, Denica
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bärring, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Doescher, Ralf
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Eronn, Anna
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Kjellström, Erik
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Klehmet, Katharina
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Martins, Helena
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Nilsson, Carin
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Photiadou, Christiana
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Segersson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Strandberg, Gustav
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Climate Extremes for Sweden2019Report (Other academic)
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  • 3.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Almen, Fredrik
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Bozhinova, Denica
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    HydroGFD3.0 (Hydrological Global Forcing Data): a 25 km global precipitation and temperature data set updated in near-real time2021In: Earth System Science Data, ISSN 1866-3508, E-ISSN 1866-3516, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 1531-1545Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    HydroGFD3 (Hydrological Global Forcing Data) is a data set of bias-adjusted reanalysis data for daily precipitation and minimum, mean, and maximum temperature. It is mainly intended for large-scale hydrological modelling but is also suitable for other impact modelling. The data set has an almost global land area coverage, excluding the Antarctic continent and small islands, at a horizontal resolution of 0.25 degrees, i.e. about 25 km. It is available for the complete ERA5 reanalysis time period, currently 1979 until 5 d ago. This period will be extended back to 1950 once the back catalogue of ERA5 is available. The historical period is adjusted using global gridded observational data sets, and to acquire real-time data, a collection of several reference data sets is used. Consistency in time is attempted by relying on a background climatology and only making use of anomalies from the different data sets. Precipitation is adjusted for mean bias as well as the number of wet days in a month. The latter is relying on a calibrated statistical method with input only of the monthly precipitation anomaly such that no additional input data about the number of wet days are necessary. The daily mean temperature is adjusted toward the monthly mean of the observations and applied to 1 h time steps of the ERA5 reanalysis. Daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature are then calculated. The performance of the HydroGFD3 data set is on par with other similar products, although there are significant differences in different parts of the globe, especially where observations are uncertain. Further, HydroGFD3 tends to have higher precipitation extremes, partly due to its higher spatial resolution. In this paper, we present the methodology, evaluation results, and how to access the data set at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3871707 (Berg et al., 2020).

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    HydroGFD3.0 (Hydrological Global Forcing Data): a 25 km global precipitation and temperature data set updated in near-real time
  • 4.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bosshard, Thomas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Yang, Wei
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Model Consistent Pseudo-Observations of Precipitation and Their Use for Bias Correcting Regional Climate Models2015In: Climate, E-ISSN 2225-1154, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 118-132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lack of suitable observational data makes bias correction of high space and time resolution regional climate models (RCM) problematic. We present a method to construct pseudo-observational precipitation data by merging a large scale constrained RCM reanalysis downscaling simulation with coarse time and space resolution observations. The large scale constraint synchronizes the inner domain solution to the driving reanalysis model, such that the simulated weather is similar to observations on a monthly time scale. Monthly biases for each single month are corrected to the corresponding month of the observational data, and applied to the finer temporal resolution of the RCM. A low-pass filter is applied to the correction factors to retain the small spatial scale information of the RCM. The method is applied to a 12.5 km RCM simulation and proven successful in producing a reliable pseudo-observational data set. Furthermore, the constructed data set is applied as reference in a quantile mapping bias correction, and is proven skillful in retaining small scale information of the RCM, while still correcting the large scale spatial bias. The proposed method allows bias correction of high resolution model simulations without changing the fine scale spatial features, i.e., retaining the very information required by many impact models.

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  • 5.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bosshard, Thomas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Yang, Wei
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Zimmermann, Klaus
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    MIdAS version 0.1: framtagande och utvärdering av ett nytt verktyg för biasjustering2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Bias adjustment is commonly applied to adjust results from climate models to make them compatible with impact models and for calculations of climate indicators. The issues arise from systematic deviations at regional and seasonal scales in climate model compared to observations. The core of a bias adjustment is an algorithm that transfers the model values toward a reference, often using a distribution of vales.The MIdAS (MultI-scale bias AdjuStment) method has been developed for bias adjustment at SMHI. A literature study was performed by a core group of researchers in different fields within SMHI to define the state-of-the-art in bias adjustment. With a focus on the main disciplines of SMHI (meteorology, hydrology and oceanography) and the parameters involved, a method for evaluation of historical and future performance was designed and applied to regions within Sweden and in several regions around the globe. The evaluation of multiple common bias adjustment methods showed that relatively simple methods perform equally well or even better than more intricate methods, besides a larger impact on the magnitude of climate change signals in some cases. The implementation of MIdASv0.1 performs generally equally and sometimes better than other analysed methods. 

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    MIdAS version 0.1
  • 6.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bosshard, Thomas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Yang, Wei
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Zimmermann, Klaus
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    MIdASv0.2.1-MultI-scale bias AdjuStment2022In: Geoscientific Model Development, ISSN 1991-959X, E-ISSN 1991-9603, Vol. 15, no 15, p. 6165-6180Article in journal (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    MIdASv0.2.1– MultI-scale bias AdjuStment
  • 7.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Christensen, Ole B.
    Klehmet, Katharina
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lenderink, Geert
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Teichmann, Claas
    Yang, Wei
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Summertime precipitation extremes in a EURO-CORDEX 0.11 degrees ensemble at an hourly resolution2019In: Natural hazards and earth system sciences, ISSN 1561-8633, E-ISSN 1684-9981, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 957-971Article in journal (Refereed)
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    fulltext
  • 8.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Doescher, Ralf
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Koenigk, Torben
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Impacts of using spectral nudging on regional climate model RCA4 simulations of the Arctic2013In: Geoscientific Model Development, ISSN 1991-959X, E-ISSN 1991-9603, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 849-859Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The performance of the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA4 is investigated for the Arctic CORDEX (COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment) region, with an emphasis on its suitability to be coupled to a regional ocean and sea ice model. Large biases in mean sea level pressure (MSLP) are identified, with pronounced too-high pressure centred over the North Pole in summer of over 5 hPa, and too-low pressure in winter of a similar magnitude. These lead to biases in the surface winds, which will potentially lead to strong sea ice biases in a future coupled system. The large-scale circulation is believed to be the major reason for the biases, and an implementation of spectral nudging is applied to remedy the problems by constraining the large-scale components of the driving fields within the interior domain. It is found that the spectral nudging generally corrects for the MSLP and wind biases, while not significantly affecting other variables, such as surface radiative components, two-metre temperature and precipitation.

  • 9.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Doescher, Ralf
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Koenigk, Torben
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    On the effects of constraining atmospheric circulation in a coupled atmosphere-ocean Arctic regional climate model2016In: Climate Dynamics, ISSN 0930-7575, E-ISSN 1432-0894, Vol. 46, no 11-12, p. 3499-3515Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Donnelly, Chantal
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Gustafsson, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Near-real-time adjusted reanalysis forcing data for hydrology2018In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, ISSN 1027-5606, E-ISSN 1607-7938, Vol. 22, no 2, p. 989-1000Article in journal (Refereed)
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    fulltext
  • 11.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Feldmann, H.
    Panitz, H. -J
    Bias correction of high resolution regional climate model data2012In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 448, p. 80-92Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Bias correction of varying complexity - from simple scaling and additive corrections to more advanced histogram equalisation (HE) corrections - is applied to high resolution (7 km) regional climate model (RCM) simulations. The aim of the study is to compare different methods that are easily implemented and applied to the data, and to assess the applicability and impact of the bias correction depending on the type of bias. The model bias is determined by comparison to a new gridded high resolution (1 km) data set of temperature and precipitation, which is also used as reference for the corrections. The performance of the different methods depends on the type of bias of the model, and on the investigated statistic. Whereas simpler methods correct the first moment of the distributions, they can have adverse effects on higher moments. The HE method corrects also higher moments, but approximations of the transfer function are necessary when applying the method to other data than the calibration data. Here, an empirical transfer function with linear fits to the tails is compared to a version where the complete function is approximated by a linear fit. The latter is thus limited to corrections of the first and second moments of the distribution. While making the transfer function more generally applicable, these approximations also limit the performance of the HE method. For the current model biases, the linear approximation is found suitable for precipitation, but for temperature it is not able to correct the whole distribution. The lower performance of the linear correction is most pronounced in summer, and is likely due to a difference in skewness between the model and observational data. Further limitations of the HE method are due to the need for long time series in order to have robust distributions for calculating the transfer function. Theoretical approximations of the required length of the calibration period were performed by using different sampling sizes drawn from a known distribution. The excerise show that about 30 year long time series are needed to have reasonable accuracy for the estimation of variance, when also corrections of the annual cycle is required. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 12.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Moseley, Christopher
    Haerter, Jan O.
    Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures2013In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 181-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Precipitation changes can affect society more directly than variations in most other meteorological observables(1-3), but precipitation is difficult to characterize because of fluctuations on nearly all temporal and spatial scales. In addition, the intensity of extreme precipitation rises markedly at higher temperature(4-9), faster than the rate of increase in the atmosphere's water-holding capacity(1,4), termed the Clausius-Clapeyron rate. Invigoration of convective precipitation (such as thunderstorms) has been favoured over a rise in strati-form precipitation (such as large-scale frontal precipitation) as a cause for this increase(4,10), but the relative contributions of these two types of precipitation have been difficult to disentangle. Here we combine large data sets from radar measurements and rain gauges over Germany with corresponding synoptic observations and temperature records, and separate convective and stratiform precipitation events by cloud observations. We find that for stratiform precipitation, extremes increase with temperature at approximately the Clausius-Clapeyron rate, without characteristic scales. In contrast, convective precipitation exhibits characteristic spatial and temporal scales, and its intensity in response to warming exceeds the Clausius-Clapeyron rate. We conclude that convective precipitation responds much more sensitively to temperature increases than stratiform precipitation, and increasingly dominates events of extreme precipitation.

  • 13.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Norin, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Atmospheric remote sensing.
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Creation of a high resolution precipitation data set by merging gridded gauge data and radar observations for Sweden2016In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 541, p. 6-13Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Berg, Peter
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Wagner, Sven
    Kunstmann, Harald
    Schaedler, Gerd
    High resolution regional climate model simulations for Germany: part I-validation2013In: Climate Dynamics, ISSN 0930-7575, E-ISSN 1432-0894, Vol. 40, no 1-2, p. 401-414Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A five-member ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) simulations for Europe, with a high resolution nest over Germany, is analysed in a two-part paper: Part I (the current paper) presents the performance of the models for the control period, and Part II presents results for near future climate changes. Two different RCMs, CLM and WRF, were used to dynamically downscale simulations with the ECHAM5 and CCCma3 global climate models (GCMs), as well as the ERA40-reanalysis for validation purposes. Three realisations of ECHAM5 and one with CCCma3 were downscaled with CLM, and additionally one realisation of ECHAM5 with WRF. An approach of double nesting was used, first to an approximately 50 km resolution for entire Europe and then to a domain of approximately 7 km covering Germany and its near surroundings. Comparisons of the fine nest simulations are made to earlier high resolution simulations for the region with the RCM REMO for two ECHAM5 realisations. Biases from the GCMs are generally carried over to the RCMs, which can then reduce or worsen the biases. The bias of the coarse nest is carried over to the fine nest but does not change in amplitude, i.e. the fine nest does not add additional mean bias to the simulations. The spatial pattern of the wet bias over central Europe is similar for all CLM simulations, and leads to a stronger bias in the fine nest simulations compared to that of WRF and REMO. The wet bias in the CLM model is found to be due to a too frequent drizzle, but for higher intensities the distributions are well simulated with both CLM and WRF at the 50 and 7 km resolutions. Also the spatial distributions are close to high resolution gridded observations. The REMO model has low biases in the domain averages over Germany and no drizzle problem, but has a shift in the mean precipitation patterns and a strong overestimation of higher intensities. The GCMs perform well in simulating the intensity distribution of precipitation at their own resolution, but the RCMs add value to the distributions when compared to observations at the fine nest resolution.

  • 15. Chen, Deliang
    et al.
    Rodhe, Henning
    Emanuel, Kerry
    Seneviratne, Sonia, I
    Zhai, Panmao
    Allard, Bert
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Bjorck, Svante
    Brown, Ian A.
    Bärring, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Chafik, Leon
    Deng, Kaiqiang
    Gaillard-Lemdahl, Marie-Jose
    Hieronymus, Magnus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Kjellström, Erik
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Linderholm, Hans W.
    May, Wilhelm
    Naslund, Jens-Ove
    Ou, Tinghai
    Rutgersson, Anna
    Sahlee, Erik
    Schenk, Frederik
    Sjolte, Jesper
    Sporre, Moa K.
    Stigebrandt, Anders
    Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.
    Zhang, Peng
    Zhang, Qiong
    Summary of a workshop on extreme weather events in a warming world organized by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences2020In: Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology, ISSN 0280-6509, E-ISSN 1600-0889, Vol. 72, no 1, article id 1794236Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 16. Eggert, B.
    et al.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Haerter, J. O.
    Jacob, D.
    Moseley, C.
    Temporal and spatial scaling impacts on extreme precipitation2015In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 15, no 10, p. 5957-5971Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Convective and stratiform precipitation events have fundamentally different physical causes. Using a radar composite over Germany, this study separates these precipitation types and compares extremes at different spatial and temporal scales, ranging from 1 to 50 km and 5 min to 6 h, respectively. Four main objectives are addressed. First, we investigate extreme precipitation intensities for convective and stratiform precipitation events at different spatial and temporal resolutions to identify type-dependent space and time reduction factors and to analyze regional and seasonal differences over Germany. We find strong differences between the types, with up to 30% higher reduction factors for convective compared to stratiform extremes, exceeding all other observed seasonal and regional differences within one type. Second, we investigate how the differences in reduction factors affect the contribution of each type to extreme events as a whole, again dependent on the scale and the threshold chosen. A clear shift occurs towards more convective extremes at higher resolution or higher percentiles. For horizontal resolutions of current climate model simulations, i.e., similar to 10 km, the temporal resolution of the data as well as the chosen threshold have profound influence on which type of extreme will be statistically dominant. Third, we compare the ratio of area to duration reduction factor for convective and stratiform events and find that convective events have lower effective advection velocities than stratiform events and are therefore more strongly affected by spatial than by temporal aggregation. Finally, we discuss the entire precipitation distribution regarding data aggregation and identify matching pairs of temporal and spatial resolutions where similar distributions are observed. The information is useful for planning observational networks or storing model data at different temporal and spatial scales.

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  • 17.
    Fallah, Ali
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Rakhshandehroo, Gholam Reza
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Sungmin, O.
    Orth, Rene
    Evaluation of precipitation datasets against local observations in southwestern Iran2019In: International Journal of Climatology, ISSN 0899-8418, E-ISSN 1097-0088Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 18. Fosser, G.
    et al.
    Khodayar, S.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Benefit of convection permitting climate model simulations in the representation of convective precipitation2015In: Climate Dynamics, ISSN 0930-7575, E-ISSN 1432-0894, Vol. 44, no 1-2, p. 45-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A major source of uncertainty in regional climate model (RCM) simulations arises from the parameterisation of sub-grid scale convection. With increasing model resolution, approaching the so-called convection permitting scale, it is possible to switch off most of the convection parameterisations. A set of simulations using COSMO-CLM model has been carried out at different resolutions in order to investigate possible improvements and limitations resulting from increased horizontal resolution. For our analysis, 30 years were simulated in a triple nesting setup with 50, 7 and 2.8 km resolutions, with ERA40 reanalysis data at the lateral boundaries of the coarsest nest. The investigation area covers the state of Baden-Wurttemberg in southwestern Germany, which is a region known for abundant orographically induced convective precipitation. A very dense network of high temporal resolution rain gauges is used for evaluation of the model simulations. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between the 7 and 2.8 km resolutions in the representation of precipitation at sub-daily timescales, and the atmospheric conditions leading to convection. Our results show that the highest resolution of RCM simulations significantly improves the representation of both hourly intensity distribution and diurnal cycle of precipitation. In addition, at convection permitting scale the atmospheric fields related to convective precipitation show a better agreement with each other. The results imply that higher spatial resolution partially improves the representation of the precipitation field, which must be the way forward for regional climate modelling.

  • 19. Fosser, G.
    et al.
    Khodayar, S.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Climate change in the next 30 years: What can a convection-permitting model tell us that we did not already know?2017In: Climate Dynamics, ISSN 0930-7575, E-ISSN 1432-0894, Vol. 48, no 5-6, p. 1987-2003Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20. Fowler, Hayley J.
    et al.
    Ali, Haider
    Allan, Richard P.
    Ban, Nikolina
    Barbero, Renaud
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Blenkinsop, Stephen
    Cabi, Nalan Senol
    Chan, Steven
    Dale, Murray
    Dunn, Robert J. H.
    Ekstrom, Marie
    Evans, Jason P.
    Fosser, Giorgia
    Golding, Brian
    Guerreiro, Selma B.
    Hegerl, Gabriele C.
    Kahraman, Abdullah
    Kendon, Elizabeth J.
    Lenderink, Geert
    Lewis, Elizabeth
    Li, Xiaofeng
    O'Gorman, Paul A.
    Orr, Harriet G.
    Peat, Katy L.
    Prein, Andreas F.
    Pritchard, David
    Schar, Christoph
    Sharma, Ashish
    Stott, Peter A.
    Villalobos-Herrera, Roberto
    Villarini, Gabriele
    Wasko, Conrad
    Wehner, Michael F.
    Westra, Seth
    Whitford, Anna
    Towards advancing scientific knowledge of climate change impacts on short-duration rainfall extremes2021In: Philosophical Transactions. Series A: Mathematical, physical, and engineering science, ISSN 1364-503X, E-ISSN 1471-2962, Vol. 379, no 2195, article id 20190542Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Towards advancing scientific knowledge of climate change impacts on short-duration rainfall extremes
  • 21. Fowler, Hayley J.
    et al.
    Lenderink, Geert
    Prein, Andreas F.
    Westra, Seth
    Allan, Richard P.
    Ban, Nikolina
    Barbero, Renaud
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Blenkinsop, Stephen
    Do, Hong X.
    Guerreiro, Selma
    Haerter, Jan O.
    Kendon, Elizabeth J.
    Lewis, Elizabeth
    Schaer, Christoph
    Sharma, Ashish
    Villarini, Gabriele
    Wasko, Conrad
    Zhang, Xuebin
    Anthropogenic intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes2021In: Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, E-ISSN 2662-138X, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 107-122Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Short-duration (1-3 h) rainfall extremes can cause serious damage to societies through rapidly developing (flash) flooding and are determined by complex, multifaceted processes that are altering as Earth's climate warms. In this Review, we examine evidence from observational, theoretical and modelling studies for the intensification of these rainfall extremes, the drivers and the impact on flash flooding. Both short-duration and long-duration (>1day) rainfall extremes are intensifying with warming at a rate consistent with the increase in atmospheric moisture (similar to 7%K-1), while in some regions, increases in short-duration extreme rainfall intensities are stronger than expected from moisture increases alone. These stronger local increases are related to feedbacks in convective clouds, but their exact role is uncertain because of the very small scales involved. Future extreme rainfall intensification is also modulated by changes to temperature stratification and large-scale atmospheric circulation. The latter remains a major source of uncertainty. Intensification of short-duration extremes has likely increased the incidence of flash flooding at local scales, and this can further compound with an increase in storm spatial footprint to considerably increase total event rainfall. These findings call for urgent climate change adaptation measures to manage increasing flood risks.

  • 22. Haerter, Jan O.
    et al.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Moseley, Christopher
    Precipitation onset as the temporal reference in convective self-organization2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 12, p. 6450-6459Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23. Haerter, Jan O.
    et al.
    Eggert, Bastian
    Moseley, Christopher
    Piani, Claudio
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Statistical precipitation bias correction of gridded model data using point measurements2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 6, p. 1919-1929Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is well known that climate model output data cannot be used directly as input to impact models, e.g., hydrology models, due to climate model errors. Recently, it has become customary to apply statistical bias correction to achieve better statistical correspondence to observational data. As climate model output should be interpreted as the space-time average over a given model grid box and output time step, the status quo in bias correction is to employ matching gridded observational data to yield optimal results. Here we show that when gridded observational data are not available, statistical bias correction can be carried out using point measurements, e.g., rain gauges. Our nonparametric method, which we call scale-adapted statistical bias correction (SABC), is achieved by data aggregation of either the available modeled or gauge data. SABC is a straightforward application of the well-known Taylor hypothesis of frozen turbulence. Using climate model and rain gauge data, we show that SABC performs significantly better than equal-time period statistical bias correction.

  • 24.
    Hundecha, Yeshewatesfa
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Capell, Réne
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Musuuza, Jude
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Pechlivanidis, Ilias
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Photiadou, Christiana
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Effect of model calibration strategy on climate projections of hydrological indicators at a continental scale2020In: Climatic Change, ISSN 0165-0009, E-ISSN 1573-1480Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of model calibration on the projection of climate change impact on hydrological indicators was assessed by employing variants of a pan-European hydrological model driven by forcing data from an ensemble of climate models. The hydrological model was calibrated using three approaches: calibration at the outlets of major river basins, regionalization through calibration of smaller scale catchments with unique catchment characteristics, and building a model ensemble by sampling model parameters from the regionalized model. The large-scale patterns of the change signals projected by all model variants were found to be similar for the different indicators. Catchment scale differences were observed between the projections of the model calibrated for the major river basins and the other two model variants. The distributions of the median change signals projected by the ensemble model were found to be similar to the distributions of the change signals projected by the regionalized model for all hydrological indicators. The study highlights that the spatial detail to which model calibration is performed can highly influence the catchment scale detail in the projection of climate change impact on hydrological indicators, with an absolute difference in the projections of the locally calibrated model and the model calibrated for the major river basins ranging between 0 and 55% for mean annual discharge, while it has little effect on the large-scale pattern of the projection.

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  • 25.
    Kjellström, Erik
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Andersson, Lotta
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Arneborg, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Capell, Réne
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Fredriksson, Sam
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hieronymus, Magnus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Jönsson, Anette
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Lindström, Lena
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Strandberg, Gustav
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Klimatinformation som stöd för samhällets klimatanpassningsarbete2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The scientific basis related to climate change grows stronger, for example as reported by the latest report by the first working group of the IPCC in 2021. Primarily as a result of human emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the global mean temperature has increased by more than 1.1 degrees since the second half of the 19th century. Continued emissions will lead to even larger increases in the future. Exactly how strong is unknown as the size of future emissions is not known and as there is an uncertainty related to the climate sensitivity. Despite this, it is clear that, in addition to higher temperatures in all areas, also precipitation will change as will different types of extreme conditions. The extent of snow and ice will decline and global sea level continue to rise. Such changes are expected to lead to various consequences both for society and the environment.The report presents what types of climate information that are available for work on climate change adaptation, how the information can be used, what limitations it has and what can be improved. Continued development of methods and models is one key component to be able to produce and improve climate information supporting climate change adaptation. Another relates to ensuring the existence of long time series reflecting variability and change. Large ensembles of high-resolution climate scenarios are needed to analyse, understand and describe future climate change under different scenarios. This is especially important for calculating probabilities of extreme weather events, which is a key component of the risk analysis. The report points to the importance of a longterm approach in the work with producing climate change information, and that it is important to involve the whole chain from observations and models to users of the information.

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    Klimatinformation som stöd för samhällets klimatanpassningsarbete
  • 26. Koelemeijer, Irena A.
    et al.
    Ehrlen, Johan
    Jonsson, Mari
    De Frenne, Pieter
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Andersson, Jenny
    Weibull, Henrik
    Hylander, Kristoffer
    Interactive effects of drought and edge exposure on old-growth forest understory species2022In: Landscape Ecology, ISSN 0921-2973, E-ISSN 1572-9761Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 27. Koelemeijer, Irena Adia
    et al.
    Ehrlen, Johan
    De Frenne, Pieter
    Joensson, Mari
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Hylander, Kristoffer
    Forest edge effects on moss growth are amplified by drought2023In: Ecological Applications, ISSN 1051-0761, E-ISSN 1939-5582Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Forest edge effects on moss growth are amplified by drought
  • 28.
    Koenigk, Torben
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Doescher, Ralf
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Arctic climate change in an ensemble of regional CORDEX simulations2015In: Polar Research, ISSN 0800-0395, E-ISSN 1751-8369, Vol. 34, article id 24603Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fifth phase Climate Model Intercomparison Project historical and scenario simulations from four global climate models (GCMs) using the Representative Concentration Pathways greenhouse gas concentration trajectories RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are downscaled over the Arctic with the regional Rossby Centre Atmosphere model (RCA). The regional model simulations largely reflect the circulation bias patterns of the driving global models in the historical period, indicating the importance of lateral and lower boundary conditions. However, local differences occur as a reduced winter 2-m air temperature bias over the Arctic Ocean and increased cold biases over land areas in RCA. The projected changes are dominated by a strong warming in the Arctic, exceeding 15 degrees K in autumn and winter over the Arctic Ocean in RCP8.5, strongly increased precipitation and reduced sea-level pressure. Near-surface temperature and precipitation are linearly related in the Arctic. The wintertime inversion strength is reduced, leading to a less stable stratification of the Arctic atmosphere. The diurnal temperature range is reduced in all seasons. The large-scale change patterns are dominated by the surface and lateral boundary conditions so future response is similar in RCA and the driving global models. However, the warming over the Arctic Ocean is smaller in RCA; the warming over land is larger in winter and spring but smaller in summer. The future response of winter cloud cover is opposite in RCA and the GCMs. Precipitation changes in RCA are much larger during summer than in the global models and more small-scale change patterns occur.

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  • 29. Loarca, Andrea Lira
    et al.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Baquerizo, Asuncion
    Besio, Giovanni
    On the role of wave climate temporal variability in bias correction of GCM-RCM wave simulations2023In: Climate Dynamics, ISSN 0930-7575, E-ISSN 1432-0894Article in journal (Refereed)
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    On the role of wave climate temporal variability in bias correction of GCM-RCM wave simulations
  • 30. Lucas-Picher, Philippe
    et al.
    Argueso, Daniel
    Brisson, Erwan
    Tramblay, Yves
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lemonsu, Aude
    Kotlarski, Sven
    Caillaud, Cecile
    Convection-permitting modeling with regional climate models: Latest developments and next steps2021In: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, ISSN 1757-7780, E-ISSN 1757-7799, article id e731Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Approximately 10 years ago, convection-permitting regional climate models (CPRCMs) emerged as a promising computationally affordable tool to produce fine resolution (1-4 km) decadal-long climate simulations with explicitly resolved deep convection. This explicit representation is expected to reduce climate projection uncertainty related to deep convection parameterizations found in most climate models. A recent surge in CPRCM decadal simulations over larger domains, sometimes covering continents, has led to important insights into CPRCM advantages and limitations. Furthermore, new observational gridded datasets with fine spatial and temporal (similar to 1 km; similar to 1 h) resolutions have leveraged additional knowledge through evaluations of the added value of CPRCMs. With an improved coordination in the frame of ongoing international initiatives, the production of ensembles of CPRCM simulations is expected to provide more robust climate projections and a better identification of their associated uncertainties. This review paper presents an overview of the methodology to produce CPRCM simulations and the latest research on the related added value in current and future climates. Impact studies that are already taking advantage of these new CPRCM simulations are highlighted. This review paper ends by proposing next steps that could be accomplished to continue exploiting the full potential of CPRCMs. This article is categorized under: Climate Models and Modeling > Earth System Models

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    Convection-permitting modeling with regional climate models: Latest developments and next steps
  • 31.
    Lucas-Picher, Philippe
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Boberg, Fredrik
    Christensen, Jens H.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Dynamical Downscaling with Reinitializations: A Method to Generate Finescale Climate Datasets Suitable for Impact Studies2013In: Journal of Hydrometeorology, ISSN 1525-755X, E-ISSN 1525-7541, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 1159-1174Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To retain the sequence of events of a regional climate model (RCM) simulation driven by a reanalysis, a method that has not been widely adopted uses an RCM with frequent reinitializations toward its driving field. In this regard, this study highlights the benefits of an RCM simulation with frequent (daily) reinitializations compared to a standard continuous RCM simulation. Both simulations are carried out with the RCM HIRHAM5, driven with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data, over the 12-km-resolution European Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) domain covering the period 1989-2009. The analysis of daily precipitation shows improvements in the sequence of events and the maintenance of the added value from the standard continuous RCM simulation. The validation of the two RCM simulations with observations reveals that the simulation with reinitializations indeed improves the temporal correlation. Furthermore, the RCM simulation with reinitializations has lower systematic errors compared to the continuous simulation, which has a tendency to be too wet. A comparison of the distribution of wet day precipitation intensities shows similar added value in the continuous and reinitialized simulations with higher variability and extremes compared to the driving field ERA-Interim. Overall, the results suggest that the finescale climate dataset of the RCM simulation with reinitializations better suits the needs of impact studies by providing a sequence of events matching closely the observations, while limiting systematic errors and generating reliable added value. Downsides of the method with reinitializations are increased computational costs and the introduction of temporal discontinuities that are similar to those of a reanalysis.

  • 32. Moseley, Christopher
    et al.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Haerter, Jan O.
    Probing the precipitation life cycle by iterative rain cell tracking2013In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 118, no 24, p. 13361-13370Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Monitoring the life cycle of convective rain cells requires a Lagrangian viewpoint where the observer moves with the dominant background flow. To adopt such a moving reference frame, we design, validate, and apply a simple rain cell tracking methodwhich we term iterative rain cell tracking (IRT)for spatio-temporal precipitation data. IRT iteratively identifies the formation and dissipation of rain cells and determines the large-scale flow. The iteration is repeated until reaching convergence. As validated using reanalysis wind speeds, repeated iterations lead to substantially increased agreement of the background flow field and an increased number of complete tracks. Our method is thereby able to monitor the growth and intensity profiles of rain cells and is applied to a high-resolution (5 min and 1x1 km(2)) data set of radar-derived rainfall intensities over Germany. We then combine this data set with surface temperature observations and synoptic observations to group tracks according to convective and stratiform conditions. Convective tracks show clear life cycles in intensity, with peaks shifted off-center toward the beginning of the track, whereas stratiform tracks have comparatively featureless intensity profiles. Our results show that the convective life cycle can lead to convection-dominating precipitation extremes at short time scales, while track-mean intensities may vary much less between the two types. The observed features become more pronounced as surface temperature increases, and in the case of convection even exceeded the rates expected from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation.

  • 33. Moseley, Christopher
    et al.
    Hohenegger, Cathy
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Haerter, Jan O.
    Intensification of convective extremes driven by cloud-cloud interaction2016In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 9, no 10, p. 748-+Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Olsson, Jonas
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Eronn, Anna
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Simonsson, Lennart
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Södling, Johan
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Yang, Wei
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Extremregn i nuvarande och framtida klimat Analyser av observationer och framtidsscenarier2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Studien har främst omfattat analyser av extrem korttidsnederbörd i observationer från SMHIs nät av automatiska meteorologiska stationer. Även analyser av korttidsnederbörd från kommunala mätare, manuella meteorologiska stationer, väderradar och klimatmodeller har genomförts. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna från detta uppdrag kan sammanfattas enligt följande.

    • En regionalisering av extrem korttidsnederbörd (skyfall) i Sverige gav fyra regioner: sydvästra (SV), sydöstra (SÖ), mellersta (M) och norra (N) Sverige. Ytterligare indelning kan göras men i denna studie prioriterades att ha regioner av denna storleksordning för att få ett ordentligt underlag för regional statistik. Regionaliseringen gäller enbart korttidsnederbörd, upp till maximalt 12 tim varaktighet.
    • Den regionala statistiken uppvisar tämligen distinkta geografiska skillnader, med högst värden i region SV och lägst i region N. Det är inte förvånande att vårt avlånga land uppvisar regionala skillnader då varmare och fuktigare luftmassor förekommer mer i söder än i norr, och därmed ökar förutsättningarna för intensiv nederbörd. Den regionala statistiken överensstämmer överlag väl med motsvarande statistik i våra grannländer.
    • Under perioden 1996-2017 finns inga tydliga tidsmässiga tendenser vad gäller skyfallens storlek och frekvens i de olika regionerna, utan dessa ligger överlag på en konstant nivå. Inte heller extrem dygnsnederbörd sedan 1900 uppvisar några tydliga tendenser på regional nivå. På nationell nivå indikeras en svag ökning av dels landets högsta årliga nederbörd sedan 1881, dels förekomsten av stora, utbredda 2-dygnsregn sedan 1961.
    • Skyfallsstatistik baserad på nederbördsobservationer från väderradar som justerats mot interpolerade stationsdata (HIPRAD) överensstämmer väl med stationsbaserad statistik för korta varaktigheter (upp till 2 tim) i södra Sverige. För längre varaktigheter och i mellersta och norra Sverige överskattar HIPRAD regnvolymerna.
    • Analyser av de senaste klimatmodellerna (Euro-CORDEX) indikerar en underskattning av extrema regnvolymer för korta varaktigheter (1 tim) men överlag en realistisk beskrivning av observerad skyfallsstatistik. Den framtida ökningen av volymerna beräknas ligga mellan 10% och 40% beroende på tidshorisont och koncentration av växthusgaser, vilket överlag ligger nära tidigare bedömningar.

    Både för bedömningen av regionala skillnader och historiska klimateffekter är det av största vikt att bibehålla, eller ännu hellre utöka, observationerna av korttidsnederbörd i Sverige. Nederbördsmätning via alternativa tekniker bör kunna användas i allt högre utsträckning framöver för förbättrad kunskap och statistik. Väderradar är redan etablerat och den digitala utvecklingen öppnar även möjligheter till insamling av nederbördsdata och relaterad information via mobilmaster, uppkopplade privata väderstationer, sociala medier, etc. Denna utveckling måste bevakas, utvärderas och i största möjliga utsträckning utnyttjas.

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  • 35.
    Olsson, Jonas
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Kawamura, Akira
    Impact of RCM Spatial Resolution on the Reproduction of Local, Subdaily Precipitation2015In: Journal of Hydrometeorology, ISSN 1525-755X, E-ISSN 1525-7541, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 534-547Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many hydrological hazards are closely connected to local precipitation (extremes), especially in small and urban catchments. The use of regional climate model (RCM) data for small-scale hydrological climate change impact assessment has long been nearly unfeasible because of the low spatial resolution. The RCM resolution is, however, rapidly increasing, approaching the size of small catchments and thus potentially increasing the applicability of RCM data for this purpose. The objective of this study is to explore to what degree subhourly temporal precipitation statistics in an RCM converge to observed point statistics when gradually increasing the resolution from 50 to 6 km. This study uses precipitation simulated by RCA3 at seven locations in southern Sweden during 1995-2008. A positive impact of higher resolution was most clearly manifested in 10-yr intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves. At 50 km the intensities are underestimated by 50%-90%, but at 6 km they are nearly unbiased, when averaged over all locations and durations. Thus, at 6 km, RCA3 apparently generates low-frequency subdaily extremes that resemble the values found in point observations. Also, the reproduction of short-term variability and less extreme maxima were overall improved with increasing resolution. For monthly totals, a slightly increased overestimation with increasing resolution was found. The bias in terms of wet fraction and wet spell characteristics was overall not strongly dependent on resolution. These metrics are, however, influenced by the cutoff threshold used to separate between wet and dry time steps as well as the wet spell definition.

  • 36.
    Olsson, Jonas
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Södling, Johan
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Wern, Lennart
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Eronn, Anna
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Short-duration rainfall extremes in Sweden: a regional analysis2019In: Nordic Hydrology, ISSN 0029-1277, E-ISSN 1996-9694, Vol. 50, no 3, p. 945-960Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 37. Ott, Irena
    et al.
    Duethmann, Doris
    Liebert, Joachim
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Feldmann, Hendrik
    Ihringer, Juergen
    Kunstmann, Harald
    Merz, Bruno
    Schaedler, Gerd
    Wagner, Sven
    High-Resolution Climate Change Impact Analysis on Medium-Sized River Catchments in Germany: An Ensemble Assessment2013In: Journal of Hydrometeorology, ISSN 1525-755X, E-ISSN 1525-7541, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 1175-1193Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The impact of climate change on three small- to medium-sized river catchments (Ammer, Mulde, and Ruhr) in Germany is investigated for the near future (2021-50) following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. A 10-member ensemble of hydrological model (HM) simulations, based on two high-resolution regional climate models (RCMs) driven by two global climate models (GCMs), with three realizations of ECHAM5 (E5) and one realization of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis version 3 (CCCma3; C3) is established. All GCM simulations are downscaled by the RCM Community Land Model (CLM), and one realization of E5 is downscaled also with the RCM Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). This concerted 7-km, high-resolution RCM ensemble provides a sound basis for runoff simulations of small catchments and is currently unique for Germany. The hydrology for each catchment is simulated in an overlapping scheme, with two of the three HMs used in the project. The resulting ensemble hence contains for each chain link (GCM-realization-RCM-HM) at least two members and allows the investigation of qualitative and limited quantitative indications of the existence and uncertainty range of the change signal. The ensemble spread in the climate change signal is large and varies with catchment and season, and the results show that most of the uncertainty of the change signal arises from the natural variability in winter and from the RCMs in summer.

  • 38.
    Persson, Gunn
    et al.
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Nylén, Linda
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Berggreen-Clausen, Steve
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Rayner, David
    SMHI.
    Sjökvist, Elin
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Från utsläppsscenarier till lokal nederbörd och översvämningsrisker2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this report methods and results are presented from downscaling of about 40 climate scenarios to local time series for two drainage areas; River Torneå in northern Sweden and River Ätran in southern Sweden. Hydrological and hydraulic modelling has been made and flood maps have been produced for the cities Haparanda and Falkenberg. A study of future extreme precipitation is also presented. The work was performed within the project “Future rainfall and flooding in Sweden” financed by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB).

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  • 39.
    Persson, Gunn
    et al.
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Strandberg, Gustav
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Vägledning för användande av klimatscenarier2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    SMHI fick i sitt regleringsbrev för år 2014 uppdraget att, i samråd med berörda myndigheter och andra aktörer, ta fram en vägledning för användandet av klimatscenarier. Enligt önskemål framtogs vägledningen som en webb-produkt på smhi.se, i anslutning till klimatscenarier. Materialet finns även samlat i denna rapport, såsom det lanserades hösten 2014. Eftersom materialet är uppbyggt för webb-presentation, där läsaren ska kunna gå in i kapitel utan att ha läst de tidigare, förekommer en del upprepningar. Klimatscenarier är beskrivningar av hur klimatet kan utvecklas i framtiden. Vägledningen ger stöd för att tolka och använda klimatscenarier, med dess möjligheter och begränsningar. Klimateffektstudier beskrivs översiktligt och med fokus på hydrologiska effektstudier. Några enkla steg för att komma igång med klimatanpassning presenteras också. I ordlistan förklaras de begrepp som används.

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  • 40. Schleiss, Marc
    et al.
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Niemi, Tero
    Kokkonen, Teemu
    Thorndahl, Soren
    Nielsen, Rasmus
    Nielsen, Jesper Ellerbaek
    Bozhinova, Denica
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Pulkkinen, Seppo
    The accuracy of weather radar in heavy rain: a comparative study for Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden2020In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, ISSN 1027-5606, E-ISSN 1607-7938, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 3157-3188Article in journal (Refereed)
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    The accuracy of weather radar in heavy rain: a comparative study for Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden
  • 41. Schmith, Torben
    et al.
    Thejll, Peter
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Boberg, Fredrik
    Christensen, Ole Bossing
    Christiansen, Bo
    Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg
    Madsen, Marianne Sloth
    Steger, Christian
    Identifying robust bias adjustment methods for European extreme precipitation in a multi-model pseudo-reality setting2021In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, ISSN 1027-5606, E-ISSN 1607-7938, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 273-290Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 42. Sebok, Eva
    et al.
    Henriksen, Hans Jorgen
    Pasten-Zapata, Ernesto
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Thirel, Guillaume
    Lemoine, Anthony
    Lira-Loarca, Andrea
    Photiadou, Christiana
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Pimentel, Rafael
    Royer-Gaspard, Paul
    Kjellström, Erik
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg
    Vidal, Jean Philippe
    Lucas-Picher, Philippe
    Donat, Markus G.
    Besio, Giovanni
    Jose Polo, Maria
    Stisen, Simon
    Caballero, Yvan
    Pechlivanidis, Ilias
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Troldborg, Lars
    Refsgaard, Jens Christian
    Use of expert elicitation to assign weights to climate and hydrological models in climate impact studies2022In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, ISSN 1027-5606, E-ISSN 1607-7938, Vol. 26, no 21, p. 5605-5625Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Use of expert elicitation to assign weights to climate and hydrological models in climate impact studies
  • 43. Weigel, Katja
    et al.
    Bock, Lisa
    Gier, Bettina K.
    Lauer, Axel
    Righi, Mattia
    Schlund, Manuel
    Adeniyi, Kemisola
    Andela, Bouwe
    Arnone, Enrico
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Caron, Louis-Philippe
    Cionni, Irene
    Corti, Susanna
    Drost, Niels
    Hunter, Alasdair
    Lledo, Llorenc
    Mohr, Christian Wilhelm
    Pacal, Aytac
    Perez-Zanon, Nuria
    Predoi, Valeriu
    Sandstad, Marit
    Sillmann, Jana
    Sterl, Andreas
    Vegas-Regidor, Javier
    von Hardenberg, Jost
    Eyring, Veronika
    Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0-diagnostics for extreme events, regional and impact evaluation, and analysis of Earth system models in CMIP2021In: Geoscientific Model Development, ISSN 1991-959X, E-ISSN 1991-9603, Vol. 14, no 6, p. 3159-3184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper complements a series of now four publications that document the release of the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0. It describes new diagnostics on the hydrological cycle, extreme events, impact assessment, regional evaluations, and ensemble member selection. The diagnostics are developed by a large community of scientists aiming to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of Earth system models (ESMs) which are participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). The second release of this tool aims to support the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). Furthermore, datasets from other models and observations can be analysed. The diagnostics for the hydrological cycle include several precipitation and drought indices, as well as hydroclimatic intensity and indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The latter are also used for identification of extreme events, for impact assessment, and to project and characterize the risks and impacts of climate change for natural and socio-economic systems. Further impact assessment diagnostics are included to compute daily temperature ranges and capacity factors for wind and solar energy generation. Regional scales can be analysed with new diagnostics implemented for selected regions and stochastic downscaling. ESMValTool v2.0 also includes diagnostics to analyse large multi-model ensembles including grouping and selecting ensemble members by userspecified criteria. Here, we present examples for their capabilities based on the well-established CMIP Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset.

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    Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – diagnostics for extreme events, regional and impact evaluation, and analysis of Earth system models in CMIP
  • 44. Westra, S.
    et al.
    Fowler, H. J.
    Evans, J. P.
    Alexander, L. V.
    Berg, Peter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Johnson, F.
    Kendon, E. J.
    Lenderink, G.
    Roberts, N. M.
    Future changes to the intensity and frequency of short-duration extreme rainfall2014In: Reviews of geophysics, ISSN 8755-1209, E-ISSN 1944-9208, Vol. 52, no 3, p. 522-555Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Evidence that extreme rainfall intensity is increasing at the global scale has strengthened considerably in recent years. Research now indicates that the greatest increases are likely to occur in short-duration storms lasting less than a day, potentially leading to an increase in the magnitude and frequency of flash floods. This review examines the evidence for subdaily extreme rainfall intensification due to anthropogenic climate change and describes our current physical understanding of the association between subdaily extreme rainfall intensity and atmospheric temperature. We also examine the nature, quality, and quantity of information needed to allow society to adapt successfully to predicted future changes, and discuss the roles of observational and modeling studies in helping us to better understand the physical processes that can influence subdaily extreme rainfall characteristics. We conclude by describing the types of research required to produce a more thorough understanding of the relationships between local-scale thermodynamic effects, large-scale atmospheric circulation, and subdaily extreme rainfall intensity.

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