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  • 1.
    Almroth-Rosell, Elin
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Edman, Moa
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Eilola, Kari
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Meier, Markus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Sahlberg, Jörgen
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Modelling nutrient retention in the coastal zone of an eutrophic sea2016In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 13, no 20, p. 5753-5769Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 2. Granath, Gustaf
    et al.
    Evans, Christopher D.
    Strengbom, Joachim
    Folster, Jens
    Grelle, Achim
    Strömqvist, Johan
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Kohler, Stephan J.
    The impact of wildfire on biogeochemical fluxes and water quality in boreal catchments2021In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 18, no 10, p. 3243-3261Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wildfires are the major disturbance in boreal ecosystems and are of great importance for the biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C) and nutrients. However, these fire-induced impacts are hard to quantify and are rarely assessed together at an ecosystem level incorporating both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Following a wildfire in Sweden in an area with ongoing monitoring, we conducted a pre-fire (9 years) and post-fire (4 years) multi-catchment investigation of element losses (combustion and leaching) and impacts on water quality. Direct C and nitrogen (N) losses through combustion were ca. 4500 and 100 gm(-2), respectively. Net CO2 loss associated with soil and biomass respiration was similar to 150 g C m(-2) during the first year, but the ecosystem started to show net CO2 uptake in June 3 years post-fire. Aquatic C and N losses the first 12 months post-fire were 7 and 0.6 gm(-2), respectively. Hence, soil respiration comprised a non-negligible part of the post-fire C loss, whereas aquatic C losses were minor and did not increase post-fire. However, other elements (e.g. Ca, S) exhibited ecologically relevant increases in fluvial export and concentration with large peaks in the immediate post-fire period. The temporal dynamics of stream concentrations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,SO4-2, Cl-, NH4+, total organic N) suggest the presence of faster- and slower-release nutrient pools with half-lives of around 2 weeks and 4 months which we attribute to physicochemically and biologically mediated mobilization processes, respectively. Three years after the fire, it appears that dissolved fluxes of nutrients have largely returned to pre-fire conditions, but there is still net release of CO2.

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    The impact of wildfire on biogeochemical fluxes and water quality in boreal catchments
  • 3.
    Hieronymus, Jenny
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Eilola, Kari
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hieronymus, Magnus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Meier, Markus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Saraiva, Sofia
    Karlson, Bengt
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Causes of simulated long-term changes in phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic proper: a wavelet analysis2018In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 15, no 16, p. 5113-5129Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 4.
    Hieronymus, Jenny
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Eilola, Kari
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Olofsson, Malin
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hense, Inga
    Meier, Markus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Almroth-Rosell, Elin
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper2021In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 18, no 23, p. 6213-6227Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics andhistorical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper
  • 5.
    Hieronymus, Jenny
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hieronymus, Magnus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Groger, Matthias
    Schwinger, Jorg
    Bernadello, Raffaele
    Tourigny, Etienne
    Sicardi, Valentina
    Ruvalcaba Baroni, Itzel
    Wyser, Klaus
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic projected to shift in the 21st century2024In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 21, no 9, p. 2189-2206Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 6. Hylen, Astrid
    et al.
    van de Velde, Sebastiaan J.
    Kononets, Mikhail
    Luo, Mingyue
    Almroth-Rosell, Elin
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hall, Per O. J.
    Deep-water inflow event increases sedimentary phosphorus release on a multi-year scale2021In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 18, no 9, p. 2981-3004Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Phosphorus fertilisation (eutrophication) is expanding oxygen depletion in coastal systems worldwide. Under low-oxygen bottom water conditions, phosphorus release from the sediment is elevated, which further stimulates primary production. It is commonly assumed that re-oxygenation could break this "vicious cycle" by increasing the sedimentary phosphorus retention. Recently, a deep-water inflow into the Baltic Sea created a natural in situ experiment that allowed us to investigate if temporary re-oxygenation stimulates sedimentary retention of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Surprisingly, during this 3-year study, we observed a transient but considerable increase, rather than a decrease, in the sediment efflux of DIP and other dissolved biogenic compounds. This suggested that the oxy-genated inflow elevated the organic matter degradation in the sediment, likely due to an increase in organic matter supply to the deeper basins, potentially combined with a transient stimulation of the mineralisation efficiency. As a result, the net sedimentary DIP release per m(2) was 56 %-112% higher over the years following the re-oxygenation than before. In contrast to previous assumptions, our results show that inflows of oxygenated water to anoxic bottom waters can increase the sedimentary phosphorus release.

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    Deep-water inflow event increases sedimentary phosphorus release on a multi-year scale
  • 7. Klingberg, J.
    et al.
    Engardt, Magnuz
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Karlsson, P. E.
    Langner, Joakim
    SMHI, Research Department, Air quality.
    Pleijel, H.
    Declining ozone exposure of European vegetation under climate change and reduced precursor emissions2014In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 11, no 19, p. 5269-5283Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The impacts of changes in ozone precursor emissions as well as climate change on the future ozone exposure of the vegetation in Europe were investigated. The ozone exposure is expressed as AOT40 (Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40 ppb O-3) as well as PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y). A new method is suggested to express how the length of the period during the year when coniferous and evergreen trees are sensitive to ozone might be affected by climate change. Ozone precursor emission changes from the RCP4.5 scenario were combined with climate simulations based on the IPCC SRES A1B scenario and used as input to the Eulerian Chemistry Transport Model MATCH from which projections of ozone concentrations were derived. The ozone exposure of vegetation over Europe expressed as AOT40 was projected to be substantially reduced between the periods 1990-2009 and 2040-2059 to levels which are well below critical levels used for vegetation in the EU directive 2008/50/EC as well as for crops and forests used in the LRTAP convention, despite that the future climate resulted in prolonged yearly ozone sensitive periods. The reduction in AOT40 was mainly driven by the emission reductions, not changes in the climate. For the toxicologically more relevant POD1 index the projected reductions were smaller, but still significant. The values for POD1 for the time period 2040-2059 were not projected to decrease to levels which are below critical levels for forest trees, represented by Norway spruce. This study shows that substantial reductions of ozone precursor emissions have the potential to strongly reduce the future risk for ozone effects on the European vegetation, even if concurrent climate change promotes ozone formation.

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  • 8. Lagergren, Fredrik
    et al.
    Bjork, Robert G.
    Andersson, Camilla
    SMHI, Research Department, Meteorology.
    Belušić, Danijel
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Bjorkman, Mats P.
    Kjellström, Erik
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Lind, Petter
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Lindstedt, David
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Olenius, Tinja
    SMHI, Research Department, Meteorology.
    Pleijel, Hakan
    Rosqvist, Gunhild
    Miller, Paul A.
    Kilometre-scale simulations over Fennoscandia reveal a large loss of tundra due to climate warming2024In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 21, no 5, p. 1093-1116Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Kilometre-scale simulations over Fennoscandia reveal a large loss of tundra due to climate warming
  • 9.
    Liu, Ye
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Meier, Markus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Eilola, Kari
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Nutrient transports in the Baltic Sea - results from a 30-year physical-biogeochemical reanalysis2017In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 14, no 8, p. 2113-2131Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 10. Pirk, Norbert
    et al.
    Aalstad, Kristoffer
    Yilmaz, Yeliz A.
    Vatne, Astrid
    Popp, Andrea
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Horvath, Peter
    Bryn, Anders
    Vollsnes, Ane Victoria
    Westermann, Sebastian
    Berntsen, Terje Koren
    Stordal, Frode
    Tallaksen, Lena Merete
    Snow-vegetation-atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra2023In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 20, no 11, p. 2031-2047Article in journal (Refereed)
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    The impact of Atlantic Multidecadal Variability on Baltic Sea temperatures limited to winter
  • 11.
    Ruvalcaba Baroni, Itzel
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Almroth-Rosell, Elin
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Axell, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Fredriksson, Sam
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hieronymus, Jenny
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Hieronymus, Magnus
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Brunnabend, Sandra-Esther
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Groger, Matthias
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Kuznetsov, Ivan
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Fransner, Filippa
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Hordoir, Robinson
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Falahat, Saeed
    SMHI, Samhällsplanering.
    Arneborg, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Validation of the coupled physical-biogeochemical ocean model NEMO-SCOBI for the North Sea-Baltic Sea system2024In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 21, no 8, p. 2087-2132Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Validation of the coupled physical-biogeochemical ocean model NEMO-SCOBI for the North Sea-Baltic Sea system
  • 12.
    Temnerud, Johan
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Duker, A.
    Karlsson, S.
    Allard, B.
    Bishop, K.
    Folster, J.
    Kohler, S.
    Spatial patterns of some trace elements in four Swedish stream networks2013In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 1407-1423Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Four river basins in southern Sweden, with catchment sizes from 0.3 to 127 km(2) (median 1.9), were sampled in October 2007. The 243 samples were analysed for 26 trace elements (Ag, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, La, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Ti, U, V and Zn) to identify spatial patterns within drainage networks. The range and median of each element were defined for different stream orders, and relationships to catchment characteristics, including deposition history, were explored. The sampling design made it possible to compare the differences along 40 stream reaches, above and below 53 stream junctions with 107 tributaries and between the 77 inlets and outlets of 36 lakes. The largest concentration differences (at reaches, junctions and lakes) were observed for lakes, with outlets usually having lower concentration compared to the inlets for As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, Tl, U, V and Zn. Significantly lower concentrations were observed for Cd and Co when comparing headwaters with downstream sites in each catchment. Common factor analysis (FA) revealed that As, Bi, Cr, Ga, Ge, Tl and V co-vary positively with Al, Fe and total organic carbon (TOC) and negatively with La, Li and pH. The strong removal of a large number of trace elements when passing through lakes is evident though in the FA, where lake surface coverage plots opposite to many of those elements. Forest volume does not respond in a similar systematic fashion and, surprisingly, the amount of wetland does not relate strongly to either Fe or TOC at any of the rivers. A better understanding of the quantitative removal of organic carbon and iron will aid in understanding trace element fluxes from landscapes rich in organic matter and iron.

  • 13.
    Temnerud, Johan
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    von Bromssen, C.
    Folster, J.
    Buffam, I.
    Andersson, J. -O
    Nyberg, Leif
    SMHI, Research Department.
    Bishop, K.
    Map-based prediction of organic carbon in headwater streams improved by downstream observations from the river outlet2016In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 13, no 2, p. 399-413Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In spite of the great abundance and ecological importance of headwater streams, managers are usually limited by a lack of information about water chemistry in these headwaters. In this study we test whether river outlet chemistry can be used as an additional source of information to improve the prediction of the chemistry of upstream headwaters (size < 2 km(2)), relative to models based on map information alone. We use the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), an important stream ecosystem parameter, as the target for our study. Between 2000 and 2008, we carried out 17 synoptic surveys in 9 mesoscale catchments (size 32-235 km(2)). Over 900 water samples were collected in total, primarily from headwater streams but also including each catchment's river outlet during every survey. First we used partial least square regression (PLS) to model the distribution (median, interquartile range (IQR)) of headwater stream TOC for a given catchment, based on a large number of candidate variables including sub-catchment characteristics from GIS, and measured river chemistry at the catchment outlet. The best candidate variables from the PLS models were then used in hierarchical linear mixed models (MM) to model TOC in individual headwater streams. Three predictor variables were consistently selected for the MM calibration sets: (1) proportion of forested wetlands in the sub-catchment (positively correlated with headwater stream TOC), (2) proportion of lake surface cover in the sub-catchment (negatively correlated with headwater stream TOC), and (3) river outlet TOC (positively correlated with headwater stream TOC). Including river outlet TOC improved predictions, with 5-15% lower prediction errors than when using map information alone. Thus, data on water chemistry measured at river outlets offer information which can complement GIS-based modelling of headwater stream chemistry.

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  • 14. Zhang, W.
    et al.
    Jansson, Christer
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Miller, P. A.
    Smith, B.
    Samuelsson, Patrick
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Biogeophysical feedbacks enhance the Arctic terrestrial carbon sink in regional Earth system dynamics2014In: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 11, no 19, p. 5503-5519Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Continued warming of the Arctic will likely accelerate terrestrial carbon (C) cycling by increasing both uptake and release of C. Yet, there are still large uncertainties in modelling Arctic terrestrial ecosystems as a source or sink of C. Most modelling studies assessing or projecting the future fate of C exchange with the atmosphere are based on either stand-alone process-based models or coupled climate-C cycle general circulation models, and often disregard biogeophysical feedbacks of land-surface changes to the atmosphere. To understand how biogeophysical feedbacks might impact on both climate and the C budget in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems, we apply the regional Earth system model RCA-GUESS over the CORDEX-Arctic domain. The model is forced with lateral boundary conditions from an EC-Earth CMIP5 climate projection under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. We perform two simulations, with or without interactive vegetation dynamics respectively, to assess the impacts of biogeophysical feedbacks. Both simulations indicate that Arctic terrestrial ecosystems will continue to sequester C with an increased uptake rate until the 2060-2070s, after which the C budget will return to a weak C sink as increased soil respiration and biomass burning outpaces increased net primary productivity. The additional C sinks arising from biogeophysical feedbacks are approximately 8.5 Gt C, accounting for 22% of the total C sinks, of which 83.5% are located in areas of extant Arctic tundra. Two opposing feedback mechanisms, mediated by albedo and evapotranspiration changes respectively, contribute to this response. The albedo feedback dominates in the winter and spring seasons, amplifying the near-surface warming by up to 1.35 degrees C in spring, while the evapotranspiration feedback dominates in the summer months, and leads to a cooling of up to 0.81 degrees C. Such feedbacks stimulate vegetation growth due to an earlier onset of the growing season, leading to compositional changes in woody plants and vegetation redistribution.

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