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A new land-surface treatment for HIRLAM - comparisons with NOPEX measurements
SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
SMHI, Research Department, Meteorology.
SMHI, Research Department, Meteorology.
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1999 (English)In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, ISSN 0168-1923, E-ISSN 1873-2240, Vol. 98-9, p. 239-256Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In order to improve the accuracy of forecasting near-surface atmospheric variables over a heterogeneous landscape, a framework of subgrid surface types and the ISBA parameterisation scheme for land surfaces have been tested in the operational weather forecast model HIRLAM, using a 5.5 km grid resolution. Surface energy fluxes measured during a single summer day at six fixed sites in the NOPEX area, representing agricultural fields, boreal forests and lakes, were used for verification. Both, in-situ field measurements and the HIRLAM simulation indicated that the Bowen ratio over forests was about twice as large as that of adjacent agricultural fields. This difference could be explained by the more effective turbulent mixing and larger surface resistance associated with the forest, thus making the sensible heat flux relatively large there. The use of initial soil moisture from a routine hydrological model gave improved agreement with measured surface fluxes and radiosonde temperature and humidity profiles compared to initialising from routine HIRLAM surface data. The differences in heat fluxes between the various surface types were also demonstrated by airborne flux measurements flown along a track at a height of ca. 100 m above the terrain. Modelled heat fluxes along the flight track were considerably smoothed due to the grid resolution used, e.g. the effect of a lake in reducing grid-averaged sensible heat flux could only be weakly detected, because the lake surface represented only 10% of the grid area. When the proportion of a contrasting surface type (lake) was altered from 10 to 100%, the surface fluxes calculated for the lake surface were almost unchanged; the results of the comparison did not provide evidence that more complex aggregation schemes for heat fluxes than straightforward area-weighted averaging would be required. The hourly variation of the modelled and simulated heat fluxes during the day studied could not be directly compared, because the simulated cloudiness did not exactly match that observed at the field sites. When the simulated net radiation was replaced with direct measurements, the model-based estimates of sensible and latent heat fluxes were closer to the corresponding field measurements. The divergence of sensible heat flux with height, as inferred from the tower measurements made over the forest, were supported by the aircraft measurements and the HIRLAM simulations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
1999. Vol. 98-9, p. 239-256
Keywords [en]
HIRLAM model, ISBA model, physiographic data, soil moisture, surface resistance, evapotranspiration
National Category
Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences
Research subject
Meteorology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:smhi:diva-1528DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00101-XISI: 000085025900014OAI: oai:DiVA.org:smhi-1528DiVA, id: diva2:851625
Available from: 2015-09-07 Created: 2015-08-31 Last updated: 2020-05-13Bibliographically approved

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Gustafsson, NilsLindroth, A

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