Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
The Swedish National Marine Monitoring Programme 2021
SMHI, Core Services.
SMHI, Core Services.
SMHI, Core Services.
SMHI, Core Services.
2022 (English)Report (Other academic)Alternative title
Årsrapport 2021 från utsjöövervakningen (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

2021 was a year with more normal temperatures compared to 2020, which was record warm. Not a single classified storm occurred in our Swedish coastal waters during the year. There were no larger inflows to the Baltic Sea, but three smaller inflows were observed during the autumn.The temperature in the surface water was above normal throughout the Baltic Sea during the winter, and the coldest month was March which is normal for this sea area. In the Skagerrak and the Kattegat, it was colder than in the Baltic Sea and the coldest month was February and, unlike the previous year, the surface water temperature was not above normal. In mid-February, the entire Gulf of Bothnia was covered in ice, which did not happen last season. The ice winter of 2021 was classified as normal. In the Bothnian Sea, the minimum temperature was unusually high this winter. The highest concentrations of nutrients, although within the normal range, were measured in January in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat and in March in the Baltic Sea. Silicate levels were still high and above normal in the Baltic Sea.Surface water temperatures were normal during spring and in May it started to get warmer. The spring bloom started earlier in the Skagerrak than in the Kattegat this year, normally it is the other way around. In the Baltic Sea the spring bloom started later, in March-April which is normal for this sea area. In the Bothnian Sea the spring bloom started in April and in the Gulf of Bothnia in May-June.Surface water temperatures were at their highest and above normal in July at many stations in the Baltic Sea, the Skagerrak and the Kattegat. In August, surface water temperatures were below normal in coastal parts of the Bornholm Basin, which was caused by upwelling of colder deep water. The nutrient levels were mostly normal, but an interesting detail was the unusually high silicate content measured in the Kattegat in June, which was the result of outflowing water from the Baltic Sea. This summer’s cyanobacterial blooms were less intense than last year. The accumulations were most intense in the Bothnian Sea and the southern Baltic Sea, especially southeast of Öland. At the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, the blooms were also intense.The autumn was relatively undramatic, but in November surface water temperatures above normal could be measured at several stations in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat and below normal at some stations in the Bothnian Sea during September and October.The oxygen situation in the Baltic Sea continues to be severe and increasing oxygen deficiency in the form of increasing hydrogen sulphide levels was noted during 2021. The concentrations are now approaching the highest levels of hydrogen sulphide in the Western Gotland Basin since the measurements started. In the Eastern Gotland Basin, the levels of hydrogen sulphide are at their highest and continue to increase since the last major Baltic inflow in 2014. In the Bothnian Sea, a decreasing oxygen concentration was observed in the bottom water during 2021. However, the levels are close, but not below the limit for oxygen deficiency (<4ml/l). In the Skagerrak and Kattegat, the oxygen concentration in the bottom water was lowest during the autumn and below normal at a couple of stations but returned to normal levels towards the end of the year.

Abstract [sv]

2021 var ett år av mer normala temperaturer jämfört med 2020, som var rekordvarmt. Inte en enda storm inträffade i våra svenska kustfarvatten under året. Det förekom inga stora inflöden till Östersjön under året, men tre mindre inflöden observerades under hösten.Temperaturen i ytvattnet var över normal i hela Östersjön under vintern, men kallast var det i mars vilket är normalt för havsområdet. I Västerhavet var det kallare än i Östersjön och kallast var det i februari och till skillnad från föregående år så var inte ytvattentemperaturen över normal. I mitten av februari var hela Bottenviken istäckt, vilket inte skedde förra säsongen. Isvintern 2021 blev klassad som normal. I Bottenhavet var minimitemperaturen ovanligt hög den här vintern. De högsta koncentrationerna av närsalter uppmättes som vanligt under januari månad i Västerhavet och under mars i Östersjön. Kiselhalterna var fortsatt höga och över det normala i Östersjön.Ytvattentemperaturerna var normala under våren och i maj tog uppvärmningen fart. Vårblomningen startade i februari i Västerhavet och något senare, i april, i Östersjön vilket är normalt för havsområdena. Avvikande var att vårblomningen startade tidigare i Skagerrak än i Kattegatt. I Bottenhavet startade vårblomningen i april och i Bottenviken i maj-juni.Ytvattentemperaturerna var som högst och över det normala i juli på många stationer i både Östersjön och Västerhavet. I augusti uppmättes ytvattentemperaturer under det normala i Bornholmsbassängen som orsakades av uppvällning av kallare djupvatten. Närsaltsnivåerna var mestadels normala i båda havsområdena, men en intressant detalj var den ovanligt höga silikathalt som uppmättes i Kattegatt under juni som var resultatet av utflödande vatten från Östersjön. Sommarens cyanobakterieblomningar var mindre intensiva än föregående år. Som intensivast blommade det i Bottenhavet och södra Östersjön, framförallt sydost om Öland. I mynningen till finska viken var blomningarna också intensiva.Hösten var förhållandevis odramatisk men under november kunde ytvattentemperaturer över det normala uppmätas på flera stationer i Västerhavet och under det normala på några stationer i Bottenhavet under september och oktober.Syresituationen i Östersjön fortsätter att vara allvarlig och det råder en förvärrad syrebrist i form av ökande svavelvätehalter. Koncentrationen av svavelväte är nu de högsta i Västra Gotlandsbassängen sedan mätningarna startade. I Östra Gotlandsbassängen är halterna av svavelväte som högst och fortsätter att öka sedan det senaste inflödet 2014. I Bottenhavet ses en minskande syrgashalt i bottenvattnet, med halter nära, men inte än under, gränsen för syrebrist (<4mL/L). I Västerhavet var syrgashalten i bottenvattnet som lägst under hösten och under det normala på ett par stationer i Kattegatt och vid den kustnära stationen Släggö, men återgick till det normala mot slutet av året. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022.
Series
RO, Report Oceanography, ISSN 0283-1112
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Oceanography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:smhi:diva-6396OAI: oai:DiVA.org:smhi-6396DiVA, id: diva2:1733898
Available from: 2023-02-03 Created: 2023-02-03 Last updated: 2023-02-03Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

The Swedish National Marine Monitoring Programme 2021(3700 kB)75 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 3700 kBChecksum SHA-512
8037b18233ddc4e85cb0c780f3719c379b339cc21382c50ec05274b1c7af1ad3a7cd48a2a6777d7a698384ac5ba8a3a540b390704ed9a018685951cc46409a49
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
RO_73 Appendix_I_Seasonal_Plots(2895 kB)47 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT02.pdfFile size 2895 kBChecksum SHA-512
2bb8de3d47e70154ba35f97313614db02e2a2c02d0409248c3f4f1d94222244c7eca9b953c719f61e3c0ff58befaf789acf023591ec6aa5e2adf12a33d297933
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
RO_73 Appendix_II_Timeseries(2729 kB)46 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT03.pdfFile size 2729 kBChecksum SHA-512
5633ff3074aed9f5924b97424029af88703bfea3875dba2858a3ee2726ed096f4271bcf443371f1612958ef731279893c318512ac2944a0bad7c53e8221015fd
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
RO_73 Appendix_III_NutrientContent(431 kB)43 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT04.pdfFile size 431 kBChecksum SHA-512
d971d26bef15cd93a4eaf1b976b7ed5f961398f391b81a710ef61d1481e27b4c71f9983312128fd941e6fe6340ad41e8ae929f4324af11a1015ff9b7ae6976b7
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
fulltext(6381 kB)50 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT05.pdfFile size 6381 kBChecksum SHA-512
cc761425d6c40d1804e459f4a2c3e000dfcbea745dcf00f84ba3e62997025ba45b0367e7eda64d7f0c2c158a1409fc8a664b1f22b75c9847b8d49f8416545152
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Authority records

Skjevik, Ann-TuriWesslander, KarinViktorsson, LenaNilsson, Madeleine

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Skjevik, Ann-TuriWesslander, KarinViktorsson, LenaNilsson, Madeleine
By organisation
Core Services
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 261 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

urn-nbn

Altmetric score

urn-nbn
Total: 121 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf