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The Swedish National Marine Monitoring Programme 2020: Hydrography, Nutrients, Phytoplankton
SMHI, Core Services.
SMHI, Core Services.
SMHI, Core Services.
2021 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Despite a year of pandemic, the environmental monitoring in the pelagic could be done largely as planned in 2020. It was the warmest year on land since national statistics started in 1860. This was also shown in the sea where especially the surface temperature in winter was higher than usual. In the Baltic Sea, the lowest winter temperature was two degrees above normal and the maximum distribution of sea ice was the lowest ever measured. The autumn was also warm and in November the surface water in the Baltic Sea was about 1 degree warmer than normal.In the Kattegat, there were signs of the spring bloom in February with high chlorophyll levels and high species diversity. In March, the nutrients were largely depleted in the surface water and the spring bloom of diatoms was over for this time. At one occasion, in April, toxins were reported in mussels along the West Coast that exceeded the warning limit. In the Skagerrak, the spring bloom started a little later than in the Kattegat, and in the Baltic Sea even later. In April, the spring bloom was observed in the Western Gotland Basin with high chlorophyll concentrations and typical dinoflagellates species for the season. In the Gulf of Bothnia, there was an early spring bloom of diatoms in April. This early bloom may have been an effect of the mild winter. The bloom of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea started already in May when cyanobacteria were observed at several stations. In August, cyanobacteria were also observed along the West Coast. These had probably been transported out with water from the Baltic Sea. A late bloom of the microzooplankton Noctiluca scintillans was observed at several sites along the West Coast in December. N. scintillans turns the water red during blooms and when it is dark, its fluorescence causes beautiful bioluminescence.Throughout the year high levels of silicate were observed in the Baltic Sea and low levels of DIN in the surface waters of the Gulf of Bothnia. Otherwise, the levels of nutrients did not deviate much from normal.In the bottom water of the Baltic Sea, no direct improvement of the oxygen situation was seen. In December 2019, there was a small inflow to the Baltic Sea that temporarily raised oxygen levels in the southern and south-eastern parts at the beginning of 2020. But this increase in oxygen was consumed quickly. In the East Gotland Basin, there was an acute lack of oxygen from 80 m and hydrogen sulphide was measured from depths exceeding 125 m. In the Western Gotland Basin, acute oxygen deficiency was found from 70 m and completely oxygen-free conditions from 80 m. An effect of stagnation in the deep basin parts is, in addition to increased levels of hydrogen sulphide, also increased levels of ammonium. Ammonium levels in the deep water increase in both the Eastern and Western Gotland Basins. The highest concentration of ammonia was observed in the eastern parts, but in the western parts they were above normal levels and closer to the levels in the eastern parts than they have been before. In the Kattegat, oxygen concentrations just above the limit for acute oxygen deficiency were found at some stations during August-October.

Abstract [sv]

Trots ett år med pandemi så kunde miljöövervakningen i pelagialen göras i stort sett som planerat under 2020. Det blev det varmaste året på land sedan nationell statistik startade 1860. Detta visade sig även i havet där i synnerhet yttemperaturen vintertid var högre än normalt. I Östersjön blev den lägsta vintertemperaturen två grader över det normala och den maximala utbredningen av havsis var den lägsta som någonsin uppmätts. Även hösten var varm och i november var ytvattnet i Östersjön ca 1 grad varmare än normalt.I februari observerades de första tecknen på att vårblomningen hade startat i Kattegatt, med höga klorofyllhalter och hög artdiversitet. I mars var näringsämnena i stort sett slut i ytvattnet och vårblomningen av kiselalger var över för denna gång. Vid ett tillfälle, i april, rapporterades gifter i musslor längs Västkusten som översteg varningsgränsen. I Skagerrak startade vårblomningen aningen senare än i Kattegatt och i Östersjön ännu något senare. I april observerades vårblomningen i västra Gotlandsbassängen med hög klorofyllkoncentration och för våren typiska dinoflagellater. I Bottenviken var det en tidig vårblomning av kiselalger i april. Denna tidiga blomning kan ha varit en effekt av den milda vintern. En början på blomningen av cyanobakterier i Östersjön startade redan i maj då cyanobakterier observerades vid flera stationer. I augusti observerades ytansamlingar av cyanobakterier även längs Västkusten, vilka hade transporterats ut med vatten från Östersjön. En sen blomning av microzooplanktonet Noctiluca scintillans observerades vid flera platser längs Västkusten i december. N. scintillans färgar vattnet rött när den massförekommer och när det är mörkt orsakar dess fluorescens vacker mareld.Generellt så var det under året höga halter av kisel i Östersjöns och låga halter av DIN i Bottniska Vikens ytvatten. I övrigt avvek inte halterna av näringsämnen från det normala.I Östersjöns bottenvatten syntes ingen direkt förbättring av syresituationen. I december 2019 skedde ett mindre inflöde till Östersjön som höjde syrenivåerna tillfälligt i de södra och sydöstra delarna i början av året. Men denna syreökning konsumerades snabbt. I Östra Gotlandsbassängen var det akut syrebrist från 80 m och svavelväte uppmättes från 125m. I Västra Gotlandsbassängen var det akut syrebrist från 70 m och helt syrefritt från 80 m. En effekt av stagnation i de djupa bassängdelarna är förutom ökade halter av svavelväte även ökade halter av ammonium. Ammoniumhalterna ökar i både Östra- och Västra Gotlandsbassängerna. Högst koncentration återfanns i de östra delarna men i de västra delarna är de över det normala och närmre de högsta koncentrationerna i de östra delarna än vad de varit tidigare. I Kattegatts bottenvatten var syrenivåerna som lägst under augusti-oktober då det vid några stationer var strax över gränsen för akut syrebrist.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2021.
Series
RO, Report Oceanography, ISSN 0283-1112 ; 71
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Oceanography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:smhi:diva-6126OAI: oai:DiVA.org:smhi-6126DiVA, id: diva2:1574045
Available from: 2021-06-28 Created: 2021-06-28 Last updated: 2021-06-28Bibliographically approved

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Skjevik, Ann-TuriWesslander, KarinViktorsson, Lena

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